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Main and Sub Categories of Work
Laws of the Calendar
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A
MISHNA:
This fundamental mishna enumerates those who perform the
primary categories of labor
prohibited on Shabbat, which number
forty-less-one.
They are grouped in accordance with their function:
One who sows, and one who plows, and one who reaps, and one who gathers
sheaves into a pile,
and one who threshes,
removing the kernel from the husk,
and one who winnows
threshed grain in the wind, and
one who selects
the inedible waste from the edible, and
one who grinds, and one who sifts
the flour in a sieve…
Shabbat 73a:6-73b:3
We learned in the mishna among those liable for performing primary categories of labor:
One who plows.
A
tanna
taught
in a
baraita
with regard to the labor of plowing:
One who plows, and one who digs, and one who makes a furrow
in the ground have
all
performed
one
type of
labor. Rav Sheshet said: One who had a mound
of earth
and removed it in the house,
thereby evening the surface,
is liable due to
the labor of
building,
as he thereby engages in construction of the house…
Shabbat 73b:5
And
we learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor:
One who reaps. It was taught
in a
Tosefta
with regard to the labor of reaping:
One who reaps,
and
one who picks
grapes,
and one who harvests
dates,
and one who collects
olives,
and one who gathers
figs have
all
performed
one
type of
labor,
as they all involve picking fruit.
Rav Pappa said: One who threw a clod
of earth
at a palm tree and severed dates is liable to
bring
two
sin-offerings:
One due to…
Shabbat 73b:7
The Gemara cites additional areas of
halakha
where there are primary categories and subcategories and considers the relationship between them:
With regard to Shabbat we learned
in a mishna (
Shabbat
73a):
The primary categories of labor
prohibited on Shabbat number
forty-less-one.
There too, from the fact that the mishna teaches its ruling employing the term:
Primary categories, by inference, there are
also
subcategories.
With regard to the primary categories of labor prohibited on Shabbat,
their subcategories are similar to them…
Bava Kamma 2a:6-8
The mishna concludes:
These are the primary categories of labor.
The Gemara explains that the emphasis on the word
these,
indicating these and no others, comes
to exclude
the opinion of
Rabbi Eliezer,
who
renders one liable for
the performance of
a subcategory
of prohibited labor when performed
together with a primary category
under which it is subsumed. Rabbi Eliezer deems one who performs two prohibited labors, a primary category and its subcategory, liable to bring two sin-offerings…
Shabbat 75b:6
and every primary category of labor
that he performed.
One who performs numerous prohibited labors
subsumed under a
single
category
of labor is liable
to bring
only one sin-offering.
Shabbat 68a:1
We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor:
And one who grinds. Rav Pappa said: One who chops beets
into small pieces on Shabbat
is liable due to
the prohibited labor of
grinding,
as the actions are similar.
Rav Menashe said: One who chops wood chips
for sawdust (Rambam)
is liable due to
the prohibited labor of
grinding. Rav Ashi said: If
he
is particular
in his chopping
with regard to the measurement,
i.e…
Shabbat 74b:2
It is
as we learned
in a mishna (
Shabbat
73a):
One who carries out
an item
from
one
domain to
another
domain
is
liable.
The Gemara claims:
Are we not
also
dealing
with a case
where he is bringing
it
in
from a public domain to a private domain,
and
nevertheless the mishna
refers to it
as
carrying out?
Shevuot 5b:1
Similarly, Rabbi Yosei explained that had the verse said
“one,”
the conclusion would have been that one is only liable for performing a complete transgression, e.g., writing the name
Shimon
on Shabbat.
“From one”
teaches that one is liable even if he does not complete the intended action, e.g., writing
Shem from Shimon. “These”
refers to the transgressions themselves, e.g.,
the primary categories of labor
prohibited on Shabbat. The words
“from these”
teach that even
subcategories
are included…
Shabbat 103b:11
The Gemara answers: The practical
ramification is that if one performs two
different
primary categories together,
or
alternatively,
if one performs
two subcategories
of two different primary categories
together, he is liable
to bring
two
sin-offerings.
And if one performs a primary category
of labor together
with its own subcategory, he is liable
to bring
only one
sin-offering.
Shabbat 96b:6
With regard to the [forbidden] labors for which one is liable to be executed by stoning if one transgresses willingly, or for which one is obligated to bring a sin offering if one commits the transgression unknowingly, there are primary categories and [their] derivatives.
The sum of all the primary categories of [forbidden] labor are forty minus one. They include:
1) plowing,
2) sowing,
3) reaping,
4) collecting sheaves,
5) threshing,
6) winnowing,
7) separating,
8) grinding,
9) sifting,
10) kneading,
11) baking,
12) shearing…
Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 7
Laws of the Calendar
דיני הלוח העברי
General Laws of Prohibited Work on Shabbat
Laws of Desecrating Shabbat for the Sake of Saving Lives
Rabbinical Shabbat Prohibitions
Laws of Shabbat Lights
Laws of Work Done on Shabbat
Main and Sub Categories of Work
Laws of Plowing on Shabbat
Laws of Planting on Shabbat
Laws of Reaping on Shabbat
Laws of Gathering on Shabbat
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