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Laws of Grinding on Shabbat
Laws of the Calendar
Sources
A
We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor:
And one who grinds. Rav Pappa said: One who chops beets
into small pieces on Shabbat
is liable due to
the prohibited labor of
grinding,
as the actions are similar.
Rav Menashe said: One who chops wood chips
for sawdust (Rambam)
is liable due to
the prohibited labor of
grinding. Rav Ashi said: If
he
is particular
in his chopping
with regard to the measurement,
i.e…
Shabbat 74b:2
[A person who] cuts vegetables into small pieces in order to cook them is liable [for performing] a derivative [of the forbidden labor] of grinding. Therefore, it is forbidden to shred straw or carobs for animals, whether in large or small pieces, because it appears as if one is grinding. One may, however, cut gourds for an animal, or an animal carcass for dogs, for there is no concept of grinding regarding fruit.
We may untie bundles of straw for an animal. One may spread out small sheaves, but not large ones, because this entails effort…
Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 21:18-19
With regard to
bundles of savory, hyssop, and thyme,
fragrant plants suitable as food for people,
if one brought them in for
use as
firewood, he may not supply himself from them on Shabbat
for food. If he brought them in
for
use as
food for animals,
he too
may supply himself from them on Shabbat.
And one may pick
them
with
his
hand and eat, as long as he does not pick
them
with a vessel. And one may crush
and remove the seeds with his hand
and eat
them,
as long as he does not crush a lot with a vessel…
Shabbat 128a:12-13
GEMARA:
Rav Huna said: They are
called
peki’in
and
they are
also called
kifin
.
The difference between them is that
peki’in
are tied with
two
knots, whereas
kifin
are tied with
three.
Zirin
,
which may not be moved on Shabbat, are bundles
of cedar
branches eaten by animals when the branches are small and moist.
And this is what
the mishna
is saying: One may untie
peki’in
of grain before an animal and spread
them,
and the same is true for
kifin
…
Shabbat 155a:6-155b:1
MISHNA:
One may cut the pumpkins before an animal
on Shabbat, as long as they were picked prior to Shabbat.
And
likewise one may cut
an
animal
carcass before the dogs
on Shabbat.
Rabbi Yehuda says: If it was not
already
a carcass,
i.e., it was not dead,
prior to Shabbat, it is prohibited
to cut it or even move it on Shabbat
because it is not prepared
for use on Shabbat.
Shabbat 156b:7
The Gemara answers that
Rav Naḥman
could have
said to you
in reply:
With regard to Shabbat,
this is a case
where
the
tanna
taught us an unattributed
mishna, which is generally accepted as the
halakha
,
in accordance with
the opinion of
Rabbi Shimon, as we learned
in a mishna (
Shabbat
156b):
One
may
cut pumpkins before an animal
to facilitate their consumption,
and
likewise one may cut up
an animal carcass before dogs,
even if the animal died on Shabbat, to enable them to consume it…
Beitzah 2a:10
The Gemara asks:
Which
opinion of
Rabbi Yehuda? Rabbi Abba said:
It
is
the opinion of
Rabbi Yehuda with regard to preparation
for Shabbat,
as we learned
in a mishna (
Shabbat
156b):
One may cut the gourds before an animal
on Shabbat, provided that they were picked prior to Shabbat.
And
likewise, one may cut an animal
carcass
to place
before the dogs
on Shabbat.
Rabbi Yehuda says: If it was not
already
a carcass prior to Shabbat…
Chullin 14a:3
Since David died in the garden,
Solomon sent
the following question
to the study hall: Father died and is lying in the sun, and the dogs of father’s house are hungry.
There is room for concern lest the dogs come and harm his body. What shall I do?
They sent
an answer
to him: Cut up an
animal
carcass and place it before the dogs.
Since the dogs are hungry, handling the animal carcass to feed them is permitted.
And
with regard to
your father,
it is prohibited to move his body directly…
Shabbat 30b:2
A person who grinds [an amount of grain the size of] a dried fig is liable. One who crushes spices or herbs in a mortar is performing the labor of grinding and is held liable.
A person who cuts a vegetable that has been detached from its source [into small pieces] performs a derivative of the labor of grinding.
Similarly, a person who saws wood in order to benefit from the sawdust, and similarly, one who files a piece of metal is liablefor filing even the slightest amount. A person who chops wood is not liable [for grinding] until he produces enough chips to cook an amount of egg the…
Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 8:15
The Gemara asks:
Is that so? But didn’t Rav’s wife peel for him
barley on Shabbat
by the cupful? And
likewise
Rabbi Ḥiyya’s wife
would
peel
barley
for him
on Shabbat
by the cupful. Rather, if
Rabbi Elazar’s comment
was stated
in this context,
it was stated with regard to the latter clause
of that same mishna (
Ma’asrot
4:5): With regard to
one who husks kernels of wheat
by hand,
he may blow
onto the chaff to disperse it
a little at a time and eat
the kernels without separating tithes…
Beitzah 13b:10
Apropos husking kernels on Shabbat, the Gemara asks:
How may one husk
grain on a Festival?
Abaye said in the name of Rav Yosef: One
finger
on another,
i.e., one may place the kernels between two fingers and rub.
And Rav Avya said in the name of Rav Yosef:
One may even do so
one on two,
i.e., between the thumb and two fingers.
Rava said: Since he alters
the manner in which he performs the activity,
he may even
do so with
one
finger
on all
the rest.
Beitzah 13b:14
1.
The Laws Governing Detaching [Produce] on Shabbos; the Laws Governing Grinding; the Laws Governing the Preparation of Food, Leatherworking, and Kneading, 19 Seifim
: If [before Shabbos,] one brought in bundles of wild hyssop, hyssop, or thyme to dry so that they would be fit for kindling, one may not make use of them on Shabbos. If one brought in [bundles of the leaves of these plants] for use as animal fodder one may break off portions from them and eat them with his hands but not with a utensil (as he would during the week). The stalks may be crushed with one’s fingertips
Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 321:1
12. One who cuts vegetables finely is liable for Grinding/טוחן.
RAMA: Likewise it is prohibited to cut dried figs and carobs for the elderly [Beis Yosef in the name of the Tosefta]. This only applies to fruits etc. but one is permitted to turn bread into crumbs for chickens because it has already been grinded and therefore no need for concern as there is no second grinding. [Hagahos Maimoni; Mordechai; R"an; Sma"g]. All of this only refers to cutting for later but prior to eating it is all permitted, similar to separating prior to eating, which is permitted…
Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 321:12
6. It is forbidden to separate through rubbing, yet one may rub with a modification; a small quantity with the tips of one’s fingers.
RAMA: Even though one is separating the food from the stalks; but since it is done in a backhanded manner in order to eat it, it is permitted. Yet there are those who are stringent [Mordechai; Ra"n] and therefore it is forbidden to shell almonds or big nuts from their green shells (Mahar"il). It is correct to be stringent because it is possible to eat without shelling.
Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 319:6
7. Mud on one’s clothing may be removed by rubbing the garment from the inside, in such a manner it does not appear as if one is laundering, but not from the outside because it appears as if one is laundering. One may scratch it off with a fingernail. Some explain that this is only when it is moist, but when caked (dry) it is forbidden because of
Tochen
– grinding.
Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 302:7
Laws of the Calendar
דיני הלוח העברי
General Laws of Prohibited Work on Shabbat
Laws of Desecrating Shabbat for the Sake of Saving Lives
Rabbinical Shabbat Prohibitions
Laws of Shabbat Lights
Laws of Work Done on Shabbat
Main and Sub Categories of Work
Laws of Plowing on Shabbat
Laws of Planting on Shabbat
Laws of Reaping on Shabbat
Laws of Gathering on Shabbat
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