What does God look like?

(כו) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה אָדָ֛ם בְּצַלְמֵ֖נוּ כִּדְמוּתֵ֑נוּ וְיִרְדּוּ֩ בִדְגַ֨ת הַיָּ֜ם וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם וּבַבְּהֵמָה֙ וּבְכָל־הָאָ֔רֶץ וּבְכָל־הָרֶ֖מֶשׂ הָֽרֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (כז) וַיִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אֶת־הָֽאָדָם֙ בְּצַלְמ֔וֹ בְּצֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑וֹ זָכָ֥ר וּנְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽם׃ (כח) וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֛וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁ֑הָ וּרְד֞וּ בִּדְגַ֤ת הַיָּם֙ וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וּבְכָל־חַיָּ֖ה הָֽרֹמֶ֥שֶׂת עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

(26) And God said: ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea, the fowl of the air, the cattle, and over all the earth, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.’ (27) And God created man in God's own image, in the image of God created him; male and female God created them. (28) And God blessed them; and God said unto them: ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that creepeth upon the earth.’

(כו) בצלמנו בִּדְפוּס שֶׁלָּנוּ:

(26) בצלמנו IN OUR IMAGE — in our imprint.

(כו) כדמותנו לְהָבִין וּלְהַשׂכִּיל:

(26) כדמתנו AFTER OUR LIKENESS — with the power to comprehend and to discern.

(כו) וירדו בדגת הים יֵשׁ בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה לְשׁוֹן רִידוּי וּלְשׁוֹן יְרִידָה; זָכָה, רוֹדֶה בַחַיּוֹת וּבַבְּהֵמוֹת, לֹא זָכָה, נַעֲשֶׂה יָרוּד לִפְנֵיהֶם וְהַחַיָּה מוֹשֶׁלֶת בּוֹ:

(26) וירדו בדגת הים AND THEY SHALL HAVE DOMINION OVER THE FISH … [AND OVER THE BEASTS] — The expression וירדו may imply dominion as well as descending — if he is worthy he dominates over the beasts and cattle, if he is not worthy he will sink lower than them, and the beast will rule over him (Genesis Rabbah 8:12).

(כז) ויברא אלהים את האדם בצלמו בִּדְפוּס הֶעָשׂוּי לוֹ, שֶׁהַכֹּל נִבְרָא בְמַאֲמַר וְהוּא נִבְרָא בְיָדַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַתָּשֶׁת עָלַי כַּפָּכָה (תהילים קל"ט); נַעֲשֶׁה בְחוֹתָם כְּמַטְבֵּעַ הָעֲשׂוּיָה עַל יְדֵי רוֹשָׁם שֶׁקּוֹרִין קוין בלע”ז וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר תִתְהַפַּךְ כְּחוֹמֶר חוֹתָם (איוב ל"ח):

(27) ויברא אלהים את האדם בצלמו SO GOD CREATED THE MAN IN HIS IMAGE —in the type that was specially made for him, for everything else was created by a word, whilst he was brought into existence by hand, as it is said (Psalms 139:5) “And Thou hast laid thy hand upon me.” He was made by a seal as a coin that is made by a die that is called in old French coin. It is similarly said, (Job 28:14) “it is changed as clay under the seal” (Sanhedrin 38a).

  • What do you think it means to be made b’tzelem Elohim, in the image of God?
  • What do you think this text is trying to relate about the purpose of humanity? Was the earth missing something without humans? What can humans offer the earth? Are we necessary? Is the earth now complete with us?
  • How does being created in the image of God relate to the mandate of humanity described in the text?
  • Which, if any, of your characteristics do you consider to be “in the image of God?”

  • Does the absence of a belief in God necessarily diminish the value of human life? Can atheists value human life in a similar way? On what basis?

  • Is there any value to the concept of b’tzelem Elohim if you do not believe in God?

מתני׳ כיצד מאיימין את העדים על עידי נפשות היו מכניסין אותן ומאיימין עליהן ... לפיכך נברא אדם יחידי ללמדך שכל המאבד נפש אחת מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו איבד עולם מלא וכל המקיים נפש אחת מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו קיים עולם מלא ומפני שלום הבריות שלא יאמר אדם לחבירו אבא גדול מאביך ושלא יהו המינים אומרים הרבה רשויות בשמים ולהגיד גדולתו של הקב"ה שאדם טובע כמה מטבעות בחותם אחד כולן דומין זה לזה ומלך מלכי המלכים הקב"ה טבע כל אדם בחותמו של אדם הראשון ואין אחד מהן דומה לחבירו לפיכך כל אחד ואחד חייב לומר בשבילי נברא העולם

Man was created alone to teach you that anyone who causes one Israelite life to be lost, the text accounts to him as if he caused a whole world to be lost. And anyone who sustains one Israelite life, the text accounts to him as if he sustained an entire world. And for the sake of peace among the creations--so that no man can say to his friend, "My father is greater than your father." And so that heretics will not claim "There are multiple powers in the heavens." And to testify to the greatness of the Holy Blessed One. For a man forges many coins from the same mold and each one is identical. But the King of kings of kings, the Holy Blessed One forges each man from the same mold of the original man and no one is like his fellow. Therefore each and ever person is obligated to say, "For me was the world created."

ברבי חנינא מאי דכתיב (דברים יג, ה) אחרי ה' אלהיכם תלכו וכי אפשר לו לאדם להלך אחר שכינה והלא כבר נאמר (דברים ד, כד) כי ה' אלהיך אש אוכלה הוא אלא להלך אחר מדותיו של הקב"ה מה הוא מלביש ערומים דכתיב (בראשית ג, כא) ויעש ה' אלהים לאדם ולאשתו כתנות עור וילבישם אף אתה הלבש ערומים הקב"ה ביקר חולים דכתיב (בראשית יח, א) וירא אליו ה' באלוני ממרא אף אתה בקר חולים הקב"ה ניחם אבלים דכתיב (בראשית כה, יא) ויהי אחרי מות אברהם ויברך אלהים את יצחק בנו אף אתה נחם אבלים הקב"ה קבר מתים דכתיב (דברים לד, ו) ויקבר אותו בגיא אף אתה קבור מתים כתנות עור רב ושמואל חד אמר דבר הבא מן העור וחד אמר דבר שהעור נהנה ממנו דרש ר' שמלאי תורה תחלתה גמילות חסדים וסופה גמילות חסדים תחילתה גמילות חסדים דכתיב ויעש ה' אלהים לאדם ולאשתו כתנות עור וילבישם וסופה גמילות חסדים דכתיב

A broken clay vessel of Beit Pe'or. And Rabbi Chama the son of Rabbi Chanina said, "Why was Moses buried next to Beit Pe'or? So as to atone for the deed of Pe'or. And Rabbi Chama the son of Rabbi Chanina said, "What is the meaning of the verse, 'After Hashem, your G-d, shall you walk (Deuteronomy 13:5)'? Is it possible for a man to walk after the divine presence? And isn't it already stated, 'For Hashem your G-d is a consuming fire (Deuteronomy 4:24)'? Rather, To follow the character traits of G-d. "Just as he clothes the naked, as it is written, 'And the Lord G-d made for Adam and his wife cloaks of leather, and he clothed them (Genesis 3:21);' so too you shall clothe the naked. The Holy One, Blessed be He, visited the sick, as it is written, 'And he appeared in Ailonei Mamrei [while Abraam was in pain] (Genesis 18:1);' so too you shall visit the sick. The Holy One, Blessed be He, comforted mourners, as it is written, 'And it was, after the death of Abraham, and G-d blessed his son Isaac (Genesis 25:11);' so too you shall comfort mourners. The Holy One, Blessed be He, buried the dead, as it is written, 'And he buried him in the valley (Deuteronomy 34:6);' so too, you shall bury the dead." "Cloaks of leather (alt. skin)-" [It is an argument of] Rav and Shmuel. One said, "Something that comes from leather." The other one said, "Something that the skin benefits from."

תנו רבנן,לעולם יהא אדם רך כקנה ואל יהא קשה כארז,מעשה שבא רבי אלעזר (בן ר') שמעון ממגדל גדור מבית רבו והיה רכוב על החמור ומטייל על שפת נהר ושמח שמחה גדולה והיתה דעתו גסה עליו מפני שלמד תורה הרבה נזדמן לו אדם אחד שהיה מכוער ביותר,אמר לו,שלום עליך רבי,ולא החזיר לו,אמר לו,ריקה כמה מכוער אותו האיש,שמא כל בני עירך מכוערין כמותך,אמר לו,איני יודע אלא לך ואמור לאומן שעשאני כמה מכוער כלי זה שעשית,כיון שידע בעצמו שחטא ירד מן החמור ונשתטח לפניו ואמר לו,נעניתי לך מחול לי,אמר לו,איני מוחל לך עד שתלך לאומן שעשאני ואמור לו כמה מכוער כלי זה שעשית,היה מטייל אחריו עד שהגיע לעירו,יצאו בני עירו לקראתו והיו אומרים לו,שלום עליך רבי רבי מורי מורי,אמר להם,למי אתם קורין רבי רבי,אמרו לו,לזה שמטייל אחריך,אמר להם,אם זה רבי אל ירבו כמותו בישראל,אמרו לו,מפני מה,אמר להם,כך וכך עשה לי,אמרו לו,אעפ"כ מחול לו שאדם גדול בתורה הוא,אמר להם,בשבילכם הריני מוחל לו,ובלבד שלא יהא רגיל לעשות כן,מיד נכנס רבי אלעזר בן רבי שמעון ודרש,לעולם יהא אדם רך כקנה ואל יהא קשה כארז ולפיכך זכה קנה ליטול הימנה קולמוס לכתוב בו ספר תורה תפילין ומזוזות:,

Our Rabbis have taught: A person should always be soft like a reed and not hard like a cedar.

One time, R. Eleazar the son of R. Simeon was coming from Migdal Gedor on his donkey, and he was feeling very happy because he had learned a lot of Torah.

He passed by a very ugly man who said to him "Peace be upon you."

R Eleazar did not answer. He said:

"Good for nothing! How ugly this man is!"

Then he asked him, "Are all the people of your city as ugly as you are?"

The man said: I do not know, but go and tell the artist who made me, how ugly is the vessel which you have made."

When R Eleazar realized he had done something wrong, he got down from his donkey and bowed in front of the man and asked for forgiveness.

He said to him: "I will not forgive you until you go to the artist that created me and tell him: how ugly is the vessel that you created."

R. Eleazar walked behind him until he reached his city. When the people who lived in the city came out to meet him and said "Peace be upon you rabbi and teacher," the ugly man asked them "Who are you calling Rabbi?

They replied, ...,‘The man who is walking behind you.’ ,He said to them: ,‘If this man is a rabbi, may there not be any more like him in Israel’!

,They asked him: ,‘Why’? ,

He replied: "He did such and such to me."They said to him: "Nevertheless, forgive him, for he is a man of great Torah learning."

The man replied: ‘For your sakes I will forgive him, ,but only if he does not make a habit of acting this way.’

Immediately, R. Eleazar son of R. Simeon went to the beit midrash (study house) and taught: "A man should always be soft like a reed and not hard like a cedar."

And for this reason the reed merited that of it should be made a quill for the writing of the Torah scroll, tefillin and mezuzot.

היך עבידא הוה מקטע קופד ומחת סכינא לידוי תחזור ותמחי לידיה. (ויקרא יט) ואהבת לרעך כמוך. רבי עקיבה אומר זהו כלל גדול בתורה. בן עזאי אומר (בראשית ה) זה ספר תולדות אדם זה כלל גדול מזה.

Rabbi Akiva (second century CE) taught: “‘Love your neighbor as yours self.’ (Leviticus, 19) This is the most important rule in the Torah.” Ben Azzai says: ‘This is the scroll of the generations of humanity… Humans was created in the image of God.’ (Genesis, 5) This is an even greater principle, so that one should not say ‘Because I have been humiliated, let my friend be humiliated with me, because I have been cursed, let my friend be cursed with me’.

  • What do you think these two sages are arguing over?
  • What is the societal impact of each position?
  • Which principle do you prefer?

Sforno on Genesis 1:26

בצלמנו/in our image--a species designed to live forever seeing that it is predominantly intellectual. By doing this, G’d provided an opening by means of Torah to acquire an understanding of the nature of purely spiritual, disembodied beings such as angels. Our soul has been given the key to understand something about the nature of such beings.

כדמותנו/after our likeness--acting intelligently like the angels, though from free choice, not like the angels who act under Divine compulsion. In this respect, though the angels are celestial beings, they do not resemble humanity. In this respect humanity is a little more like God than are the angels, though our habitat is in the lower regions of the universe. The principal difference between G’d’s total freedom of action and that of humans' is that G’d’s freedom of action is always put to a constructive use, whereas humanity frequently abuses our G’d given freedom to oppose the expressed will of our Creator. At any rate, not being hampered by the limitations imposed by having a body, the qualitative freedom of G’d is far superior to that of humanity, and this is why the Torah uses the comparative כדמותנו, to show that the comparison is limited.

The Ohev Yisroel of Apta - Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heshel 18th cent.

"Our body forms its likeness on the earth by the shadow it casts, so do we, by our activity, form the eternal God to our likeness: If we act well, we form thereby the right hand of the God-Man. If we resist evil, we form the left hand of the God-Man. If we do not look at ugly things, we form His eyes. If we do not allow our ears to hear lies, we form His ears and so on. God asks this of us and we have always to be conscious of it, so that we can always do right and not sin, AMEN"

Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel 20th cent. (as quoted by Rabbi Arthur Green)

"Why are we forbidden to make images of God? It is not because God is beyond all images, so that no image could possibly depict God. If that were the case, images would merely be harmless. God has and image, and that is you. You may not make the image of God because you are the image of God. The only medium in which you can make God's image is the medium of your entire life, and that is precisely what we are commanded to do. Everything you do, everything you say, each moment and the way you use it are all part of the way you build God's image. To take anything less than a full, living human being - like canvas or a piece of marble - and call it the image of God would be to diminish God, to lessen God's image.