(21) And the LORD said to Moses, “When you return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the marvels that I have put within your power. I, however, will stiffen his heart so that he will not let the people go. (22) Then you shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says the LORD: Israel is My first-born son. (23) I have said to you, “Let My son go, that he may worship Me,” yet you refuse to let him go. Now I will slay your first-born son.’” (24) At a night encampment on the way, the LORD encountered him and sought to kill him. (25) So Zipporah took a flint and cut off her son’s foreskin, and touched his legs with it, saying, “You are truly a bridegroom of blood to me!” (26) And when He let him alone, she added, “A bridegroom of blood because of the circumcision.” (27) The LORD said to Aaron, “Go to meet Moses in the wilderness.” He went and met him at the mountain of God, and he kissed him.
(א) ובשנה השישית לשבוע השלישי ליובל הארבעים ותשעה הלכת ותשב ששה שבועים ושנה אחת:
(ב) ותשב מצרימה בשבוע השני בשנה השנית ליובל החמישים:
(ג) ואתה ידעת את אשר דבר אתך בהר סיני ואת אשר אבה השר משטמה לעשות לך בשובך מצרימה בדרך בחג הסוכות:
(ד) הלא התחזק בכל כוחו להמית אותך ולהציל את המצרים מידך בראותו כי שולחת לעשות משפט ונקמה במצרים:
(ה) ואציל אותך מידו ואעש אותות ומופתים אשר צווית לעשות במצרים לעיני פרעה וכל ביתו ועבדיו ועמו:
(1) And in the sixth year of the third week of the forty-ninth jubilee thou didst depart and dwell in the land of Midian five weeks and one year.
(2) And thou didst return into Egypt in the second week in the second year in the fiftieth jubilee.
(3) And thou thyself knowest what He spake unto thee on Mount Sinai, and what prince Mastêmâ desired to do with thee when thou wast returning into Egypt on the way when thou didst meet him at the lodging-place.
(4) Did he not with all his power seek to slay thee and deliver the Egyptians out of thy hand when he saw that thou wast sent to execute judgment and vengeance on the Egyptians?
(5) And I delivered thee out of his hand, and thou didst perform the signs and wonders which thou wast sent to perform in Egypt against Pharaoh, and against all his house, and against his servants and his people.
Mastema = Hostility or animosity (Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come, by Norman Cohn. Pg.182.)
The Watchers and the Fallen: Dualism and Challenge
OPE 1 Enoch 1:1 The word of blessing of Enoch, as he blessed the elect and righteous, who will be present in the day of distress, when all the enemies are removed, and the righteous will be saved.
2 And he took up his parable and said: "Enoch is a righteous person, to whom a vision from God was opened to him, having the vision of the Holy one and of the heaven. It was shown to me, and I heard the holy messengers, and as I heard from them everything and understood I saw, but I was not considering the present generation, but I speak to one being distant.
3 and concerning the present elect I said, and concerning them I raised my parable: My great holy one will go forth from his habitation,
4 and the God of eternity will walk upon the earth, upon Mount Sinai and he will appear from his camp, and he will appear in the power of his might from the heaven of heavens.
5 And all will be afraid and the Watchers will believe, and they will sing hidden things to all the heights of the [earth]. And all the heights of the earth will shake, and trembling will take hold of them and great fear up to the ends of the earth.
6 And the mountain will be shaken and will fall and will be scattered, and the high and lofty mountains will be brought low, to be passed, and they will melt as wax before a fire in flame.
7 And the earth will be torn asunder (into) a split crevice, and all that is on the earth will be destroyed, and judgment will be upon all.
8 And with the righteous he will make peace, and upon the elect will be preservation and peace, and mercy will be given to them, and all will be of God, and he will give approval to them and he will bless all, and he will take hold of all, and he will help me, and light will appear to them and upon them he will make peace.
9 He comes with his myriads and with his holy ones, to make judgment against all, and he will destroy all the ungodly, and convict all flesh about all works of their ungodliness which they in an ungodly way committed and the harsh words which they have spoken, and about all which the ungodly sinners have spoken evil against him.
OPE 1 Enoch 6:1 And it came to pass that when the sons of men multiplied, in those days beautiful and fair daughters were born.
2 And the angels, the sons of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to one another: "Come! Let us choose for ourselves wives from people, and we will beget for ourselves children."
3 And Semiaza, who was their ruler, said to them: "I fear that you will not desire to do this deed, and I alone will be a debtor of a great sin."
4 Therefore they all answered him: "Let us swear an oath and let us all anathematize one another, not to turn away from this plan, until we should complete it and should this deed."
5 Then they all swore together and anathematized one another by it.
6 And these were the two hundred who descend in the days of Jared to the summit of Mount Hermonieim, and they called the mountain Hermon, because they swore and anathematized one another by it.
7 And these are the names of their leaders: Semiaza, he is their leader, Arathak, Kimbra, Sammane, Daneiel, Arearos, Semiel, Iomeiel, Chochariel, Ezekiel, Batriel, Sathiel, Atriel, Tamiel, Barakiel, Ananthna, Thoniel, Ramiel, Aseal, Rakeiel, Touriel.
8 These are their rulers who (are) [over] tens.
OPE 1 Enoch 7:1 And they took wives for themselves, each of them chose for themselves wives, and they began to enter them and to be defiled in them. And they taught them sorceries and enchantments and root-cutting, and explained the plants to them.
2 And the women became pregnant and bore great giants of three thousand cubits,
3 who devoured the labors of people. And when the people were not able to sustain them,
4 the giants dared (to attack) them, and they devoured the people.
5 And they began to sin with birds and wild animals and reptiles and fish, and to devour one another's flesh, and drink blood.
6 Then the earth appealed against the lawless ones.
OPE 1 Enoch 8:1 Azael taught the people to make swords and armor and shields and breastplates, lessons of angels, and he showed them the metals and their working, and arm bands and decorations and also eye-painting of beautiful eyes, and all kinds of chosen stones and the things fit for dyeing.
2 And there was much ungodliness, and they committed sexual immorality, and they were led astray, and they were ruined in all their ways.
3 Semiaza taught enchantments and root-cutting, Armaros releasing enchantments, Barakiel astronomy, Chochiel astrology, Sathiel star-gazing, and Seriel the course of the moon.
4 Therefore the people died, and cries rose up to heaven.
OPE 1 Enoch 9:1 Then Michael and Uriel and Raphael and Gabriel looked down, these one from heaven saw much blood being poured out upon the earth.
2 And they said to one another: "A voice of those crying out upon the earth up to the gates of heaven."
3 The souls of the people are appealing, saying out: "Bring your (case for) judgment to the Most High."
4 And they said to the Lord: "You are Lord of lords and God of gods and King of the ages. Your throne of glory endures for all generations of the age, and your name is holy and great and blessed for all the ages." Then the Most High commanded the holy archangels, and they bound their leaders and threw them into the abyss, until the (day of) judgment.
5 "For you made all things, and you have all authority, and all things are plain and uncovered before you.
6 "And you see all things that Azael has done, who has taught all the unrighteousness upon the earth and he revealed the mysteries of the ages, the things in heaven which the people were pursuing and learning,
7 and Semiazas, who was given authority to rule over those together with him.
8 "And they have gone to the people of the earth's daughters and slept with them and defiled themselves, and revealed to them all sins.
9 "And the women gave birth to titans, from which all the earth was filled with blood and unrighteousness.
10 "And now look! The souls of those who have died are appealing to the gates of heaven, and their groaning has gone up and is not able to go out from the face of those lawless beings upon the earth.
11 "And you have known all things before these things happen, and you see these things and permit them, and you do not say to us what is necessary for us concerning these things."
OPE 1 Enoch 10:1 Then the Most High spoke concerning these things, the Great Holy One, and he spoke and he said and he sent Istrael to the son of Lamech:
2 "Speak to him in my name: 'Hide yourself!' And declare to him the end that is coming, that all the earth is destroyed, and a flood is about to come upon all the earth and he will destroy all things that are on it.
3 "Now instruct him in order that he may escape, and his seed will remain for all the generations of the eternity."
4 And he said to Raphael: "Bind Azael foot and hand, and cast him into the darkness, and open the desert that is in the Dadouel, and cast him in.
5 "And lay down upon him rough and jagged rocks and cover him with darkness. And let him dwell there for eternity, and cover his face so he cannot see light.
6 "And on the great day of judgment he will be lead into the fire.
7 "And the earth will be healed, which the angels have destroyed, and you will declare the healing of the earth, so that all the people's children not perish in the whole mystery, in which the Watchers also commanded their children.
8 "And all the earth has been made desolate, having been destroyed in the works of the teaching of Azael; and against him write all (his) sins."
9 And the Lord said to Gabriel: "Go to the illegitimate children, to the spurious ones and the sons of sexual immorality, and destroy the sons of the Watchers from amongst the people. Send them into destructive war. For the length of day is not theirs.
10 "And every request that is not to their fathers and about them, because they hope to live an eternal life, and because each of them will live five hundred years."
11 And to Michael he said: "Go and reveal to Semiaza and to those remaining with him who have mixed with the women, to defile themselves in their uncleanness.
12 "And when their sons will slay (one another) and they see the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth until the day of their judgment and consummation, until the judgment of the age of eternity is completed.
13 "Then they will be lead away into the chasm of fire and to the torture and to the prison of eternal confinement.
14 "And whoever will be burned up and destroyed from the present, they will be bound with them together until the end of the generation.
15 "Destroy all the spirits of spuriousness and the sons of the Watchers on account of the harm (done to) humans.
16 "And destroy all the unrighteousness from the earth, and let him desert every work of wickedness, and let the plant of righteousness and truth appear forever. With joy it will be planted.
17 "And now all the righteous ones will escape, and they will be living until they bear a thousand (children), and all the days of their youth, and their weeks will be filled with peace.
18 "Then all the earth will be worked in righteousness and the tree will be planted in it, and it will be filled with blessing.
19 And all the trees of the earth will be glad; they will be planted. And they will be planting vineyards, and the vines will be planted, and will produce thousands of jugs of wine and sowing will produce according to each measure, olives will produce ten measures.
20 "And you will cleanse the earth from all uncleanness and from all unrighteousness and from all sins and ungodliness, and you will wipe out all the uncleanness which is upon the earth.
21 "And all the people will be worshipping and all will bless me and worship me.
22 "And all the earth will be cleansed from all defilement and from all uncleanness and wrath and suffering, and I will no longer send upon them into all the generations of the age."
OPE 1 Enoch 11:1 "And then I will open the inner room of blessing that is in heaven, and bring them down upon the works and upon the labor of the people's children.
2 "And then truth and peace will be shared together into all the days of the age and into all the generations of people's children."
Jubilees Chapter 4
And Adam knew Eve his wife and she bare yet nine sons.
And in the fifth week of the fifth jubilee Seth took ’Azûrâ his sister to be his wife, and in the fourth (year of the sixth week) she bare him Enos.<br> He began to call on the name of the Lord on the earth.
And in the seventh jubilee in the third week Enos took Nôâm his sister to be his wife, and she bare him a son in the third year of the fifth week, and he called his name Kenan.
And at the close of the eighth jubilee Kenan took Mûalêlêth his sister to be his wife, and she bare him a son in the ninth jubilee, in the first week in the third year of this week, and he called his name Mahalalel.
And in the second week of the tenth jubilee Mahalalel took unto him to wife Dînâh, the daughter of Barâkî’êl the daughter of his father's brother, and she bare him a son in the third week in the sixth year, and he called his name Jared;
for in his days the angels of the Lord descended on the earth, those who are named the Watchers, that they should instruct the children of men, and that they should do judgment and uprightness on the earth.
And in the eleventh jubilee Jared took to himself a wife, and her name was Bâraka, the daughter of Râsûjâl, a daughter of his father's brother, in the fourth week of this jubilee,
and she bare him a son in the fifth week, in the fourth year of the jubilee, and he called his name Enoch.
And he was the first among men that are born on earth who learnt writing and knowledge and wisdom
and who wrote down the signs of heaven according to the order of their months in a book, that men might know the seasons of the years according to the order of their separate months.
And he was the first to write a testimony, and he testified to the sons of men among the generations of the earth, and recounted the weeks of the jubilees, and made known to them the days of the years, and set in order the months and recounted the Sabbaths of the years as we made (them) known to him.
And what was and what will be he saw in a vision of his sleep, as it will happen to the children of men throughout their generations until the day of judgment;
he saw and understood everything, and wrote his testimony, and placed the testimony on earth for all the children of men and for their generations.
And in the twelfth jubilee, in the seventh week thereof, he took to himself a wife, and her name was Ednî, the daughter of Dânêl, the daughter of his father's brother, and in the sixth year in this week she bare him a son and he called his name Methuselah.
And he was moreover with the angels of God these six jubilees of years, and they showed him everything which is on earth and in the heavens, the rule of the sun, and he wrote down everything.
And he testified to the Watchers, who had sinned with the daughters of men;
for these had begun to unite themselves, so as to be defiled, with the daughters of men, and Enoch testified against (them) all.
And he was taken from amongst the children of men, and we conducted him into the Garden of Eden in majesty and honour,
and behold there he writeth down the condemnation and judgment of the world, and all the wickedness of the children of men.
And on account of it (God) brought the waters of the flood upon all the land of Eden; for there he was set as a sign and that he should testify against all the children of men, that he should recount all the deeds of the generations until the day of condemnation.
And he burnt the incense of the sanctuary, (even) sweet spices, acceptable before the Lord on the Mount.
For the Lord hath four places on the earth, the Garden of Eden, and the Mount of the East, and this mountain on which thou art this day, Mount Sinai, and Mount Zion (which) will be sanctified in the new creation for a sanctification of the earth;
through it will the earth be sanctified from all (its) guilt and its uncleanness throughout the generations of the world.
OPE Jubilees 10:1 After the flood, in the two-thousand five-hundred and eighty-second year of the world, the watchers, moved by envy, after death, led astray the sons of Noah.
2 And Noah was praying that they should depart from them.
3
4
5
6
7 The Lord commanded the archangel Michael to cast th em into the abyss, until the day of judgment.
8 But the devil requested to take the portion from them, for tempting of humans.
9 And the tenth (part) of them was given to him, according to the divine command, so that the humans might test the value of the choice of each person toward God. But the remaining nine parts were cast into the abyss.
(א) ובשבוע השלישי ליובל הזה החלו המלאכים הטמאים להחטיא את בני נוח לפתותם ולהשיבם עד דכא:
(ב) ויבואו בני נוח אל אביהם ויספרו לו על אודות הרוחות אשר החטיאו את בני בניהם הדיחום בחשכה והמיתום:
(ג) ויתפלל אל ה' אלהיו ויאמר אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר אשר עשית ברחמיך ותצל אותי וגם בני ממי המבול ולא נתתני לראות שחת כאשר עשית לבנים משחיתים:
(ד) כי חסדך גדול עלי ורבים רחמיך על נפשי:
(ה) יגדל נא חסדך על בניך אל ימשלו בם המלאכים הרעים לבל ישחיתום את הארץ:
(ו) הן ברכת אותי ואת בני כי נפרה ונרבה ונמלא את הארץ:
(ז) אתה ידעת את אשר עשו השומרים אבות המלאכים האלה בימי:
(ח) וגם את המלאכים האלה אשר בחיים חיתם אֱסור וכלאם בשאול תחתיה לבל ישחיתו בבני עבדך אלהי כי אכזרים המה ולהשחית נבראו:
(ט) אל ימשלו ברוחות החיים כי אתה לבדך ידעת את משפטם ואל יהי להם שלטון על בני הצדק מעתה ועד עולם:
(י) ויאמר אלהינו אלינו לאסור את כולם:
(יא) ויבוא שר הרוחות משטמה ויאמר בי אדוני הלא יותרו מהם שרידים לפני לשמוע בקולי ולעשות את כל אשר אומר להם:
(יב) כי אם לא ישאר לי איש מהם לא אוכל להשלים כוח חפצי בבני אדם:
(יג) כי הנה הנם להשחית ולהחטיא על פי דברי בממשלתי כי רבה רעת בני אדם:
(יד) ויאמר החלק העשירי יוותר מהם לפני ותשע ידות ירדו אל מקום המשפט:
(טו) ויאמר אחד ממנו יורה לנוח את כל הרפואות כי ידע כי לא יתהלכו בצדקה ולא ילחמו במישרים:
(טז) ונעשה כאשר ציווה ונאסור במקום העונש את כל הרעות המחבלים ואת החלק העשירי הותרנו מהם למען יעשו את משפט השטן על הארץ:
(יז) ואת הרפואות לכל מדוי הרוחות אמרנו לנוח ואת מזימות נכליהם להחטיא למען ירפאו בצמחי האדמה:
(יח) ויכתב נוח בספר את כל אשר הורינו אותו על כל מיני מרפא:
(יט) ככה נכלאו הרוחות הרעות מעל בני נח:
(1) And in the third week of this jubilee the unclean demons began to lead astray the children of the sons of Noah; and to make to err and destroy them.
(2) And the sons of Noah came to Noah their father, and they told him concerning the demons which were, leading astray and blinding and slaying his sons' sons.
(3) And he prayed before the Lord his God, and said: God of the spirits of all flesh, who hast shown mercy unto me, And hast saved me and my sons from the waters of the flood, And hast not caused me to perish as Thou didst the sons of perdition;
(4) For Thy grace hath been great towards me, And great hath been Thy mercy to my soul;
(5) Let Thy grace be lift up upon my sons,
(6) But do Thou bless me and my sons, that we may increase and multiply and replenish the earth.
(7) And Thou knowest how Thy Watchers, the fathers of these spirits, acted in my day:
(8) and as for these spirits which are living, imprison them and hold them fast in the place of condemnation, and let them not bring destruction on the sons of thy servant, my God; for these are malignant, and created in order to destroy.
(9) And let them not rule over the spirits of the living; for Thou alone canst exercise dominion over them. And let them not have power over the sons of the righteous from henceforth and for evermore."
(10) And the Lord our God bade us to bind all.
(11) And the chief of the spirits, Mastêmâ, came and said: "Lord, Creator, let some of them remain before me, and let them hearken to my voice, and do all that I shall say unto them;
(12) for if some of them are not left to me, I shall not be able to execute the power of my will on the sons of men;
(13) for these are for corruption and leading astray before my judgment, for great is the wickedness of the sons of men."
(14) And He said: "Let the tenth part of them remain before him, and let nine parts descend into the place of condemnation."
(15) And one of us He commanded that we should teach Noah all their medicines; for He knew that they would not walk in uprightness, nor strive in righteousness.
(16) And we did according to all His words: all the malignant evil ones we bound in the place of condemnation, and a tenth part of them we left that they might be subject before Satan on the earth.
(17) And we explained to Noah all the medicines of their diseases, together with their seductions, how he might heal them with herbs of the earth.
(18) And Noah wrote down all things in a book as we instructed him concerning every kind of medicine.
(19) Thus the evil. spirits were precluded from (hurting) the sons of Noah.
1QS3 Community Rule: The Two Spirits
13. To the instructor, for demonstrating (making plain) and for teaching all the Sons of Light concerning the origin (tôlĕdôt, birth, fundamental nature, family history) of mankind (the sons of man);
14. for (knowing) every type of their spirits by their tokens, and of their deeds by their history (generations).
15. From God is the knowledge of all that exists and that will (yet) be brought into existence. And before they existed he prepared their whole plan,
16. and when they exist according to schedule (lit. their appointment) they are to carry out (fill) all their activities according to his glorious plan without any changes.
17. All decisions rest with him (lit. in his hand), but he will sustain them in all their righteous desires. For he created man to have dominion (to rule, govern) over
18. this earth. And he appointed (lit. placed) for him two spirits by which he should walk until the time of his visitation (or judgment). They are the spirits
19. of truth and of twisting (ʿāwēl, perversity), a fountain (maʿyan) of light, . . . and a wellspring (māqôr) of darkness. 20. In the hand of the Prince of Lights is the rule of all the Sons of Righteousness; upon the ways of light they walk. But in the hand of the Angel
21. of Darkness is the rule of Sons of Deception (ʿāwēl). . . . And by (because of, in) the Angel of Darkness
22. all the Sons of Righteousness went astray, so that all their sins and transgressions and guilt and the trespasses of their ways are in his power,
23. according to the deep designs of God, until his appointed end. . . .
24. And all the spirits that follow him (of his lot or portion) attempt to overthrow (cause to stumble) the Sons of Light, while the God of Israel and his faithful angel (the angel of his truth) assist all
25. the Sons of Light. It was he who created the spirits of light and darkness; and upon them is founded the whole operation
26. [. . .] all work, and upon their ways [. . .]
source: Nibley, Hugh (2010) "From the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QS)," Studies in the Bible and Antiquity: Vol. 2 , Article 5. p.91-92. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sba/vol2/iss1/5