(א) וַיֵּ֣שֶׁב יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּאֶ֖רֶץ מְגוּרֵ֣י אָבִ֑יו בְּאֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן׃ (ב) אֵ֣לֶּה ׀ תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן־שְׁבַֽע־עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה אֶת־אֶחָיו֙ בַּצֹּ֔אן וְה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְאֶת־בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑יו וַיָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־דִּבָּתָ֥ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל־אֲבִיהֶֽם׃
(1) Now Jacob was settled in the land where his father had sojourned, the land of Canaan. (2) This, then, is the line of Jacob: At seventeen years of age, Joseph tended the flocks with his brothers, as a helper to the sons of his father’s wives Bilhah and Zilpah. And Joseph brought bad reports of them to their father.
(א) אלה תלדות, תלדות זה, פירושו קורות, וכן אלה תולדות נח, כי הקורות הם תולדות הימים, וכן אמר, כי לא תדע מה יולד יום (משלי כ"ז):
(1) אלה תולדות יעקב, the meaning of the word תולדות in our context here is “happenings, developments.” It includes all kinds of traumas Yaakov would experience. Genesis 6,9 similarly introduced what happened to Noach with these words. The philological bridge to the word תולדות when it refers to biological progeny is Proverbs 27,1 כי לא תדע מה ילד היום, “for you do not know what the day will give birth to.”
(א) אלה תולדות יעקב מאורעיו וילדי יום עליו אחר שישב שם כי מאז שיצא מבית אביו היו עניניו כמו קורות אבותינו בגלות א' ומאז שחזר אל ארץ מגורי אביו היו קורותיו כמו שקרה לאבותינו בבית שני וחורבנו וגלותו וגאולתו לקץ הימין:
(1) אלה תולדות יעקב, what happened to him, as a result of his “settling,” i.e. “retiring” there. (matters which he had not planned). Things described in Proverbs 27,1 as ילדי יום, brought on by the passage of time. Ever since Yaakov had left his father’s home what happened to him had the appearance of something not planned by him, not the result of his design. It is similar to the history of the Jewish people during the era of the first Temple. At any rate, the words וישב יעקב, Yaakov setlled down, remind us of the Jewish people in the land of Israel until the first expulsion. The words בארץ מגורי אביו, in the land where his father had been a stranger, remind us of the era of second Temple. This was followed by the destruction of Jewish statehood, and the loss of even the status of a satellite power, and our entering a long period of exile which will terminate only with the final redemption.
(ב) והוא נער. שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֵׂה נַעֲרוּת, מְתַקֵּן בִּשְׂעָרוֹ, מְמַשְׁמֵשׁ בְּעֵינָיו, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִרְאֶה יָפֶה:
(2) והוא נער AND HE, BEING A LAD — His actions were childish: he dressed his hair, he touched up his eyes so that he should appear good-looking (Genesis Rabbah 84:7).
(בראשית מט, כב): בָּנוֹת צָעֲדָה עֲלֵי שׁוּר וגו', אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיָּצָא יוֹסֵף לִמְלֹךְ עַל מִצְרַיִם הָיוּ בְּנוֹת מְלָכִים מְצִיצוֹת עָלָיו דֶּרֶךְ הַחֲרַכִּין וְהָיוּ מַשְׁלִיכוֹת עָלָיו שֵׁירִין וְקָטֶלִין וּנְזָמִים וְטַבָּעוֹת, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְלֶה עֵינָיו וְיַבִּיט בָּהֶן, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא הָיָה מַבִּיט בָּהֶן
When Joseph went forth to rule over Egypt, daughters of kings used to look at him through the lattices and throw bracelets, neccklets, earrings, and finger rings to him, so that he might lift up his eyes and look at them; yet he did not look at them......
(ד) בצאן הצאן לא נאמר, שהיה שומר עליהם ושומר מה יעשו ובצאן שלא ישחיתו שהיה נאמן לאביו.
(4) בצאן, we would have expected the Torah to have written either “את צאן, or הצאן.” The reason why the Torah used the prefix ב, is to draw our attention to the fact that his major occupation was to watch if he could find fault with the manner in which these “brothers” fulfilled their tasks. He was concerned that his “brothers”: would not do something that would harm his father’s property, as he was extremely loyal to his father.
(ג) ואמר בצאן ולא אמר הצאן, כי עדיין היה נער לרעות הצאן, אלא הלך עם אחיו במרעות הצאן, והיה מתלמד מהם לרעות הצאן. (ד) והוא נער, היה מתגדל עמהם כשהיו רועים הצאן.
(3) רועה את אחיו בצאן, mark the fact that the Torah wrote בצאן “with the flocks,” instead of הצאן, “the flocks,” for being relatively young he was only allowed to work together with his brothers instead of being allowed to tends flocks all by himself. He was still a trainee. (4) והוא נער, he was always going with them when they were engaged in tending the flocks.
(ב) היה רועה את אחיו בצאן היה מנהיג ומורה אותם במלאכת מרעה הצאן:
(2) היה רועה את אחיו בצאן, he was giving guidance tom them and instructed them in the finer points of being successful shepherds.
(ב) אֵ֣לֶּה ׀ תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן־שְׁבַֽע־עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה אֶת־אֶחָיו֙ בַּצֹּ֔אן וְה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְאֶת־בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑יו וַיָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־דִּבָּתָ֥ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל־אֲבִיהֶֽם׃
(2) This, then, is the line of Jacob: At seventeen years of age, Joseph tended the flocks with his brothers, as a helper to the sons of his father’s wives Bilhah and Zilpah. And Joseph brought bad reports of them to their father.
(ג) היה רעה את אחיו לפי דרך ארץ לבני לאה קורא הכתוב אחיו ולא לבני השפחות. ד״א והוא נער כלומר בעוד שהיה נער היה רעה את אחיו ואין גנאי לבן הגבירה בעודנו נער לרעות צאן אביו עם בני השפחות, והמקרא מסורס והוא נער היה רועה בצאן את אחיו בני בלהה ובני זלפה. ואל תתמה על שהיה מביא דבתם אל אביהם כי הוא היה נער.
(3) היה רועה את אחיו בצאן, “who was tending flocks with his brothers;” The Torah calls the sons of Leah Joseph’s ”brothers,” as they were the sons of their father’s principal wives; it did not refer to the sons of Zilpah and Bilhah by the same term. [although both Leah’s sons as well as those of the maids were half brothers. Ed.] An alternate exegesis of why the word אחיו was used here:והוא נער, “he was only tending flocks as long as he was still very young;” at that point it was not considered as below the dignity of the sons of Yaakov’s secondary wives to be tending flocks with them. The verse is actually truncated, and the complete text should have been: והוא נער היה רועה בצאן את אחיו בני בלהה ובני זלפה, “as long as he was a young boy he had been tending flocks with his brothers, the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah.” It is not surprising that he reported on what he considered misconduct by these “brothers,” seeing that he was still very immature, i.e. merely a .נער
(ד) היה רועה את אחיו בצאן - בני לאה, לפי דרך ארץ קרא אחיו ולא בני השפחות.
(4) (4) TENDED THE FLOCKS WITH HIS BROTHERS. The sons of Leah. Following social norms, it calls [them] his brothers, and not the sons of the concubines.
(ב) אֵ֣לֶּה ׀ תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן־שְׁבַֽע־עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה אֶת־אֶחָיו֙ בַּצֹּ֔אן וְה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְאֶת־בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑יו וַיָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־דִּבָּתָ֥ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל־אֲבִיהֶֽם׃
(2) This, then, is the line of Jacob: At seventeen years of age, Joseph tended the flocks with his brothers, as a helper to the sons of his father’s wives Bilhah and Zilpah. And Joseph brought bad reports of them to their father.
(ג) את בני בלהה. כְּלוֹמַר וְרָגִיל אֵצֶל בְּנֵי בִלְהָה, לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ אֶחָיו מְבַזִּין אוֹתָן וְהוּא מְקָרְבָן:
(3) את בני בלהה WITH THE SONS OF BILHAH — meaning that he made it his custom to associate with the sons of Bilhah because his brothers slighted them as being sons of a hand-maid; therefore he fraternised with them.
(ב) אלא ודאי שכל האחים בני הגבירות, היו מזלזלים בבני השפחות לקרות אמותם פלגשים ושפחות, ואת בניהם קראו עבדים, ויוסף לבד היה מתחבר אל בני בלהה וזלפה כי אמר שהם נשי אביו ממש
Kli Yakar on Genesis 37:2:5
The older brothers would make fun of the younger brothers who were born to maids and say that their mothers were concubines and slaves. Joseph would say that they were the children of Jacob's wives.
(ה) נשי אביו, כמו שכתוב בכל אתת מהן "לאשה" ולא היה בזה בזיון כי בני נשי אביו היו.
(5) נשי אביו, the term “wives of,“ emphasises that they were full fledged wives, as had been stated when each of these women became married to Yaakov, i.e. “לאשה.” (compare 30,9; 30,4) Joseph’s keeping company with the sons of these women was in no way something disparaging for him, as he was not only their half brother just as he was a half brother to the sons of Leah, but they were his social equals.
(ה) והוא נער את בני בלהה וגו' - נערותו ורגילותו ומשתאיו היו עם בני בלהה ובני זלפה ומתוך כך התחילו אחיו בני לאה לשנוא אותו.
(5) (5) והוא נער את בני בלהה ואת בני זלפה, he spent most of his time in the company of those four children who were far closer to him in age. The fact that Joseph preferred the company of the sons of the servant-maids may have been the beginning of the sons of Leah resenting him.
(ב) אֵ֣לֶּה ׀ תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן־שְׁבַֽע־עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה אֶת־אֶחָיו֙ בַּצֹּ֔אן וְה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְאֶת־בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑יו וַיָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־דִּבָּתָ֥ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל־אֲבִיהֶֽם׃
(2) This, then, is the line of Jacob: At seventeen years of age, Joseph tended the flocks with his brothers, as a helper to the sons of his father’s wives Bilhah and Zilpah. And Joseph brought bad reports of them to their father.
(ד) את דבתם רעה. כָּל רָעָה שֶׁהָיָה רוֹאֶה בְאֶחָיו בְנֵי לֵאָה הָיָה מַגִּיד לְאָבִיו, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹכְלִין אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי, וּמְזַלְזְלִין בִּבְנֵי הַשְּׁפָחוֹת לִקְרוֹתָן עֲבָדִים, וַחֲשׁוּדִים עַל הָעֲרָיוֹת, וּבִשְׁלָשְׁתָּן לָקָה: וַיִּשְׁחֲטוּ שְׂעִיר עִזִּים בִּמְכִירָתוֹ וְלֹא אֲכָלוּהוּ חַי, וְעַל דִּבָּה שֶׁסִּפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁקּוֹרִין לַאֲחֵיהֶם עֲבָדִים – "לְעֶבֶד נִמְכַּר יוֹסֵף", וְעַל עֲרָיוֹת שֶׁסִּפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם, וַתִּשָּׂא אֵשֶׁת אֲדֹנָיו וְגוֹ: (ה) דבתם. כָּל לְשׁוֹן דִּבָּה פרלדי"ץ בְּלַעַז, כָּל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה יָכוֹל לְדַבֵּר בָּהֶם רָעָה, הָיָה מְסַפֵּר:
(4) את דבתם רעה THEIR EVIL REPORT — Whatever he saw wrong in his brothers, the sons of Leah, he reported to his father: that they used to eat flesh cut off from a living animal, that they treated the sons of the handmaids with contempt, calling them slaves, and that they were suspected of living in an immoral manner. With three such similar matters he was therefore punished. In consequence of his having stated that they used to eat flesh cut off from a living animal Scripture states, (Genesis 37:31) “And they slew a he-goat" after they had sold him and they did not eat its flesh whilst the animal was still living. And because of the slander which he related about them that they called their brothers slaves — (Psalms 105:17) “Joseph was sold for a slave.” And because he charged them with immorality (Genesis 39:7) “his master’s wife cast her eyes upon him etc.” (Genesis Rabbah 84:7). (5) דבתם THEIR REPORT — The word דבה always means in old French parleriz; English, gossip: whatever he could speak bad about them he told to his father.
(א) והוא נער את בני בלהה ואת בני זלפה. בעבור היותו קטן שמוהו בני השפחות שמש להם כי אם ישרת אחיו בני הגבירה לא היה דבר רע וזאת היא דבתם רעה.וטעם אבר מן החי דרש הוא כי הכתוב לא הזכיר מאחיו חוץ מבני השפחות
(1) And the lad. Because of his youth the sons of the maidservants made him their lackey. This was the “bad report” that he brought to their father.
(ה) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה לפיכך שנאוהו כולם שנאמר וישנאו אותו פי׳ כולם בני השפחות מפני הדבה, ובני הגבירה נתקנאו בו על שאותו אהב אביהם מכל אחיו והיו יראים פן ימליכהו יעקב עליהם כמו שרצה יצחק לומר לעשו, הוה גביר לאחיך בשביל שהיה אוהבו.
(5) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה, “Joseph reported negative reports about them;” (no wonder that they all began to hate him as a tale bearer). The sons of Bilhah and Zilpah hated him as talebearer, and his other brothers hated him because he was a favorite of their father. They were therefore afraid that in due course their father would appoint him as his firstborn. When the Torah writes (in verse four: וישנאו אותו, “they hated him,”) it refers to all of the brothers except Binyamin who was only 1011 years old. Each group of brothers had a different reason for hating him. They were afraid that their father would treat Joseph as their grandfather Yitzchok had treated his son Esau, because of emotional attachment, not based on objective considerations.
(ו) את דבתם רעה, היה אומר לאביו כי אחיו היו שונאים אותו, אלה בני השפחות שגדל עמהם וכן בני הגבירות, שהוא היה מתגאה עליהם לפי שאביו היה אהבו ביותר מכל אחיו, והוא היה מביא דבתם זאת אל אביהם שהיו מבזים ומדברים עליו רעה, ויעקב היה גוער אותם בעבורו; והנה הולך ומפרש סבת השנאה כמו שאמ' וישראל אהב, ויראו אותו. ובב"ר (פ"ד) חד אמר, שהיה אומר לו חשודין בניך על אבר מן החי, וחד אמר, תולים הם עניהם בבנות הארץ, וחד אמר שקורין לבני שפחות עבדים, אמר ר' יהודה בר סימון על תלתיהון פלס ומאזני משפט לה'. א"ל הקב"ה אתה אמרת חשודין הן על אבר מן החי, חייך, אפילו בשעת הקלקלה אינם אלא שוחטין, שנאמר, וישחטו שעיר עזים. אתה אמרת שקורין לבני השפחות עבדים, לעבד נמכר יוסף, אתה אמרת תולין עיניהם בבנות הארץ, חייך, שאני מגרה בך את הדוב, הדא היא "ותשא אשת אדניו":
(6) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה, he told his father that his brothers hated him, i.e. both the sons of the former servant maids with whom he was being raised, as well as the sons of Leah to whom he felt superior because he enjoyed preferential treatment by his father. As a result, the brothers sought pretexts to treat him meanly. Yaakov was angry at the brothers on behalf of Joseph, interpreting the brothers’ hatred of Joseph as jealousy due to his loving Joseph excessively. (verses 3 and 4). In Bereshit Rabbah 84,7 we are told that according to Rabbi Meir Joseph told his fathers that the brothers were suspect of violating the commandment not to eat flesh from a still living animal, whereas Rabbi Yehudah is supposed to have said that Joseph accused them of treating the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah with disdain, referring to them as “slaves.” Rabbi Shimon is reported as saying that Joseph accused the brothers of casting lustful glances at the local Canaanite girls. Rabbi Yehudah bar Seymon claims that G’d repaid Joseph for all three accusations as we derive from Proverbs 16,11 פלס ומאזני משפט לה', “Honest scales and weights are the Lord’s.” G’d said to him: “you accused your brothers of violating the law of אבר מן החי, you will be a witness that even when they were engaged in a sinful enterprise such as dipping your cloak in blood before presenting it to your father, they first slaughtered the male goat ritually, as is required when they would eat it. You accused them of calling the sons of Zilpah and Bilhah slaves, that is why you yourself were sold into slavery (Psalms 105, 17) You accused your brothers of looking lecherously at the local girls, I will cause you to be tempted by this very phenomenon.” This is why the Torah described the wife of Potiphar attempting to seduce Joseph (39,7)
(ד) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה באמרו לאביו שאחיו היו טועים ומפסידים בבלי דעת כראוי במלאכת המקנה שהית' אז עקר השתדלות' בקניי' עושר ונכסי':
(4) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה, he told his father that his brothers, because of unintentional errors, i.e. lack of professional competence, caused him financial losses in his flocks, seeing that at the time they were preoccupied primarily with increasing their material wealth. (5) והוא נער, if, in spite of this, he badmouthed his brothers, this was due to his being still an adolescent, not as mature as he should have been or as his intellect made him appear to be. He was not experienced enough to realise what the ultimate effect of his badmouthing his brothers would turn out to be. While it is true that as a relative youngster at 30 he became the mentor of the wisest men in Egypt, the foremost political power, at the tender age of 17 he still had a lot to learn. (compare his wisdom as expressed in Psalms 105,22 where aged people are described as wise, whereas in Shabbat 89 we are taught that mature wisdom cannot be expected to be found amongst the physically young. (6) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה, he told his father that his brothers, because of unintentional errors, i.e. lack of professional competence, caused him financial losses in his flocks, seeing that at the time they were preoccupied primarily with increasing their material wealth.
(ז) ויבא יוסף את דבתם רעה - את דיבתם של אחיו רעה. כמדרש אגדה לפי פירושי, שאמר לאביו: כך מבזים הם בני השפחות אבל אני מכבדם ואני רגיל אצלם. פשטנים אחרים לא עמדו על העיקר.
(7) And it goes on and recounts all sorts of matters that caused them to hate him, also, (7) AND YOSEF BROUGHT BAD REPORTS OF THEM. Bad reports of his brothers. This is like the midrash (Ber. R. 84:7), according to my explanation: That he said to his father as follows: "They are disparaging the sons of the concubines, but I am treating them respectfully, and I am with them regularly." Other p'shat commentators have missed this point.
Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:7
(7) He who beholds his fellow sinning or following an unrighteous path, is obliged to return him toward the good, and to let him know that he is actually sinning against himself in doing bad things for, it is said: "And you shall indeed rebuke your neighbor" (Lev. 19.17). He who rebukes his fellow, whether it be regarding a sin committed between man and man, or whether it be regarding matters between man and God, it is essential that the rebuke be administered only between them both; and he shall speak to him calmly, employing soft language, telling him that he only mentions it for his own good, to bring him to a life in the world to come.