Masters of Aggadah (Miracles)
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ByNathan Isaac Orbach

The meaning of a 'Miracle'

תהילים ע״ב:י״ח

(יח) בָּר֤וּךְ ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱ֭לֹהִים אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל עֹשֵׂ֖ה נִפְלָא֣וֹת לְבַדּֽוֹ

Psalms 72:18

(18) Blessed is the LORD God, God of Israel, who alone does wondrous things;

נדה ל״א א:י״ז

והיינו דאמר רבי אלעזר מאי דכתיב (תהלים עב, יח) עושה נפלאות לבדו וברוך שם כבודו לעולם אפילו בעל הנס אינו מכיר בנסו

Niddah 31a:17

And this statement is identical to that which Rabbi Elazar said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel, Who does wondrous things alone; and blessed be His glorious name forever” (Psalms 72:18–19)? What does it mean that God “does wondrous things alone”? It means that even the one for whom the miracle was performed does not recognize the miracle that was performed for him.

בראשית כ״ח

(י) וַיֵּצֵ֥א יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִבְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ חָרָֽנָה׃ (יא) וַיִּפְגַּ֨ע בַּמָּק֜וֹם וַיָּ֤לֶן שָׁם֙ כִּי־בָ֣א הַשֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ וַיִּקַּח֙ מֵאַבְנֵ֣י הַמָּק֔וֹם וַיָּ֖שֶׂם מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֑יו וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב בַּמָּק֥וֹם הַהֽוּא׃ (יב) וַֽיַּחֲלֹ֗ם וְהִנֵּ֤ה סֻלָּם֙ מֻצָּ֣ב אַ֔רְצָה וְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ מַגִּ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה וְהִנֵּה֙ מַלְאֲכֵ֣י אֱלֹהִ֔ים עֹלִ֥ים וְיֹרְדִ֖ים בּֽוֹ׃ (יג) וְהִנֵּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב עָלָיו֮ וַיֹּאמַר֒ אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֱלֹהֵי֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֔יךָ וֵאלֹהֵ֖י יִצְחָ֑ק הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ שֹׁכֵ֣ב עָלֶ֔יהָ לְךָ֥ אֶתְּנֶ֖נָּה וּלְזַרְעֶֽךָ׃ (יד) וְהָיָ֤ה זַרְעֲךָ֙ כַּעֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ וּפָרַצְתָּ֛ יָ֥מָּה וָקֵ֖דְמָה וְצָפֹ֣נָה וָנֶ֑גְבָּה וְנִבְרֲכ֥וּ בְךָ֛ כָּל־מִשְׁפְּחֹ֥ת הָאֲדָמָ֖ה וּבְזַרְעֶֽךָ׃ (טו) וְהִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֜י עִמָּ֗ךְ וּשְׁמַרְתִּ֙יךָ֙ בְּכֹ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־תֵּלֵ֔ךְ וַהֲשִׁ֣בֹתִ֔יךָ אֶל־הָאֲדָמָ֖ה הַזֹּ֑את כִּ֚י לֹ֣א אֶֽעֱזָבְךָ֔ עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־עָשִׂ֔יתִי אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי לָֽךְ׃ (טז) וַיִּיקַ֣ץ יַעֲקֹב֮ מִשְּׁנָתוֹ֒ וַיֹּ֕אמֶר אָכֵן֙ יֵ֣שׁ יְהוָ֔ה בַּמָּק֖וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה וְאָנֹכִ֖י לֹ֥א יָדָֽעְתִּי׃ (יז) וַיִּירָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר מַה־נּוֹרָ֖א הַמָּק֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה אֵ֣ין זֶ֗ה כִּ֚י אִם־בֵּ֣ית אֱלֹהִ֔ים וְזֶ֖ה שַׁ֥עַר הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ (יח) וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם יַעֲקֹ֜ב בַּבֹּ֗קֶר וַיִּקַּ֤ח אֶת־הָאֶ֙בֶן֙ אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣ם מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֔יו וַיָּ֥שֶׂם אֹתָ֖הּ מַצֵּבָ֑ה וַיִּצֹ֥ק שֶׁ֖מֶן עַל־רֹאשָֽׁהּ׃ (יט) וַיִּקְרָ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־הַמָּק֥וֹם הַה֖וּא בֵּֽית־אֵ֑ל וְאוּלָ֛ם ל֥וּז שֵׁם־הָעִ֖יר לָרִאשֹׁנָֽה׃ (כ) וַיִּדַּ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב נֶ֣דֶר לֵאמֹ֑ר אִם־יִהְיֶ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים עִמָּדִ֗י וּשְׁמָרַ֙נִי֙ בַּדֶּ֤רֶךְ הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָנֹכִ֣י הוֹלֵ֔ךְ וְנָֽתַן־לִ֥י לֶ֛חֶם לֶאֱכֹ֖ל וּבֶ֥גֶד לִלְבֹּֽשׁ׃ (כא) וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י בְשָׁל֖וֹם אֶל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י וְהָיָ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לִ֖י לֵאלֹהִֽים׃ (כב) וְהָאֶ֣בֶן הַזֹּ֗את אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֙מְתִּי֙ מַצֵּבָ֔ה יִהְיֶ֖ה בֵּ֣ית אֱלֹהִ֑ים וְכֹל֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּתֶּן־לִ֔י עַשֵּׂ֖ר אֲעַשְּׂרֶ֥נּוּ לָֽךְ׃

Genesis 28

(10) Jacob left Beer-sheba, and set out for Haran. (11) He came upon a certain place and stopped there for the night, for the sun had set. Taking one of the stones of that place, he put it under his head and lay down in that place. (12) He had a dream; a stairway was set on the ground and its top reached to the sky, and angels of God were going up and down on it. (13) And the LORD was standing beside him and He said, “I am the LORD, the God of your father Abraham and the God of Isaac: the ground on which you are lying I will assign to you and to your offspring. (14) Your descendants shall be as the dust of the earth; you shall spread out to the west and to the east, to the north and to the south. All the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you and your descendants. (15) Remember, I am with you: I will protect you wherever you go and will bring you back to this land. I will not leave you until I have done what I have promised you.” (16) Jacob awoke from his sleep and said, “Surely the LORD is present in this place, and I did not know it!” (17) Shaken, he said, “How awesome is this place! This is none other than the abode of God, and that is the gateway to heaven.” (18) Early in the morning, Jacob took the stone that he had put under his head and set it up as a pillar and poured oil on the top of it. (19) He named that site Bethel; but previously the name of the city had been Luz. (20) Jacob then made a vow, saying, “If God remains with me, if He protects me on this journey that I am making, and gives me bread to eat and clothing to wear, (21) and if I return safe to my father’s house—the LORD shall be my God. (22) And this stone, which I have set up as a pillar, shall be God’s abode; and of all that You give me, I will set aside a tithe for You.”

'Nes' - 'Nisayon' - . Miracle + Test = Right of Passage

-To bring in being what was not before.

-To become a co-creator.

-To uncover new worlds.

-The nexus between Miracles and Faith: Emunah(faith)- Life is not a 'fact' but a 'task'.

-The threefold task of faith through 'Nisayon': Hachnah/Havdalah/Hamtakah.

The Miracle of Succot

סוכה י״א ב

דתניא (ויקרא כג, מג) כי בסוכות הושבתי את בני ישראל ענני כבוד היו דברי ר' אליעזר ר"ע אומר סוכות ממש עשו להם

Sukkah 11b

As it is taught in a baraita that the verse states: “I made the children of Israel to reside in sukkot”; these booths were clouds of glory, this is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer. Rabbi Akiva says: They established for themselves actual sukkot.

The Israelites journeyed from Raamses to Succot (Exodus12:37) the Sages interpreted 'Succot' as a place name, but Rabbi Akiva said it refers to the clouds of Glory. (Mechilta deRabbi Ishmael, B'shalach)

רש"י על ויקרא כ״ג:מ״ג
(א) כי בסכות הושבתי. עַנְנֵי כָבוֹד (שם; מכילתא י"ב):
Rashi on Leviticus 23:43

(1) כי בסכות הושבתי THAT I MADE [THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL] ABIDE IN BOOTHS — This does not mean literally “booths” but, “the clouds of Glory" by which they were sheltered

כלי יקר על ויקרא כ״ג:מ״ב

( וז"ש כי בסכות הושבתי את בני ישראל וגו'. כי אין לומר שמדבר בסתם סכות של הולכי דרכים דאם כן הוה ליה לומר כי בסכות ישבו בני ישראל מהו הושבתי משמע שהקב"ה בעצמו ובכבודו הושיבם בסוכות

Kli Yakar on Leviticus 23:42
...
רשב"ם על ויקרא כ״ג:מ״ג

(א) למען ידעו דורותיכם - פשוטו כדברי האומרים במסכת סוכה סוכה ממש. וזה טעמו של דבר: חג הסוכות תעשה לך באספך מגרנך ומיקבך - באספך את תבואת הארץ ובתיכם מלאים כל טוב דגן ותירוש ויצהר. למען תזכרו - כי בסוכות הושבתי את בני ישראל במדבר ארבעים שנה - בלא יישוב ובלא נחלה ומתוך כך תתנו הודאה למי שנתן לכם נחלה ובתים מלאים כל טוב ואל תאמרו בלבבכם כחי ועוצם ידי עשה לי את החיל הזה. וכסדר הזה נמצא בפרשת עקב תשמעון. וזכרת את כל הדרך אשר הוליכך ה' אלהיך זה ארבעים שנה וגו' ויאכילך את המן וגו'. ולמה אני מצוה לך לעשות זאת? כי ה' אלהיך מביאך אל ארץ טובה ואכלת ושבעת ורם לבבך ושכחת את ה' וגו' ואמרת בלבבך כחי ועוצם ידי עשה לי את החיל הזה וזכרת את ה' אלהיך כי הוא הנותן לך כח לעשות חיל. ולכך יוצאים מבתים מלאים כל טוב בזמן אסיפה ויושבין בסוכות לזכרון שלא היה להם נחלה במדבר ולא בתים לשבת. ומפני הטעם הזה קבע הקב"ה את חג הסוכות בזמן אסיפת גורן ויקב לבלתי רום לבבו על בתיהם מלאים כל טוב, פן יאמרו ידינו עשו לנו את החיל הזה.

Rashbam on Leviticus 23:43
(1) למען ידעו דורותיכם, the plain meaning of the text is in agreement with the view expressed in Sukkah 11 according to which the word סוכה is to be understood literally. The meaning of the verse then would be: “construct for yourselves the festival of huts when you gather in your grain and grape harvest (Deuteronomy 16,13) You are to do this at the time you gather in the produce of the earth and your houses are filled with all the good things the earth produces such a grain, grape, wine and oil (olives). This is to be done in order that you will remember” כי בסוכות הושבתי את בני ישראל, in the desert for a period of 40 years when they neither owned land nor found themselves in a cultivated part of the earth. Remembering all this you will have ample reason to be grateful to the One Who has provided you with all of your present wealth and comfort. You must not fall into the trap of thinking that all this success is due to your own efforts. We find a similar thought expressed in Deuteronomy 8,2-3 “you shall remember all the way which the Lord your G’d has led you for these last 40 years…and He fed you the manna, etc.” Why do I command you to do all this? For the Lord your G’d brings you to a good …and you will eat and be satisfied, etc. As a result your heart may become haughty and you will credit yourself with all this as your own achievement. (Deuteronomy 8 7-18) In order that this will not happen and to show that the Israelites G’d’s part in their success they will move out of their solid houses as a reminder to the time when they had not been blessed with any of these benefits which they enjoy ever since inheriting the land of their forefathers. They acknowledge that it is G’d Who provides the Jewish people with the ability and valor.

The Amalek War Miracle

מדרש תנחומא, תצוה ט׳:ב׳

מֹשֶׁה הֶעֱמִיד גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה בְּמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה (שמות יז, יא). וְאֵין יָרִים אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹן שֶׁהֶעֱמִיד גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה

Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 9:2

Moses halted the revolution of the sun in the war with Amalek, as it is said: And Moses lifted up his hand (Exod. 17:11). The word lifted up refers to his halting of the revolution of the sun,

Did Moses' hands indeed strengthen Israel or weaken Amalek? Rather, whenever he raised his hands heavenward, Israel looked to him and had faith in the One who commanded Moses to act and the Holy One performed works of might for them. (Mechilta D'Rabbi Ishmael, Amalek)

The Miracles of the Splitting Sea

-'God turned the sea to dry ground'-but not totally dry only muddy. 'The waters formed a wall'-rather like something resembling a wall.(Mechilta d'Rabbi Ishmael, B'shalach 4-5)

-The Holy One inflicted ten plagues on the Egyptians in Egypt and ten at the Sea.(Avot 5:4)

-Rabbi Akivah came and extended this to show that the Egyptians suffered fifty plagues in Egypt and 250 at the Sea.(Haggadah Shel Pesach)

The Miracle of Manna

The miracle that lasted 40 years.

-Miracle in a bottle.(Sh'mot 16:32)

-They spoke disparagingly of it, so they were not privileged to sing about it.(Sh'mot Rabba 25:7)

-The Tannaim's recollection of the Miracle in a bottle.

Rabbi Tarfon, Rabbi Eliezer the Moda'ite and Sages. 'Rabbi Eliezer expounded "The manna was sixty cubits high". The Sages replied Moda'ite will you never cease to perplex us?"(Mechilta deRabbi Ishmael Vayisa 4)

-Rabbi Akiva taught "Manna was the food that the ministering angels ate." He cited the passage:

תהילים ע״ח

(כד) וַיַּמְטֵ֬ר עֲלֵיהֶ֣ם מָ֣ן לֶאֱכֹ֑ל וּדְגַן־שָׁ֝מַ֗יִם נָ֣תַן לָֽמוֹ׃ (כה) לֶ֣חֶם אַ֭בִּירִים אָ֣כַל אִ֑ישׁ צֵידָ֬ה שָׁלַ֖ח לָהֶ֣ם לָשֹֽׂבַע׃

Psalms 78

Rabbi Akiva took the words 'heavenly grain' literally and interpreted 'the mighty ones' to mean angels. When these words were reported to Rabbi Ishmael, he said, "Go back and tell Akiva, 'Akiva you are mistaken! Do angels indeed eat? Even Moses refrained from eating for the forty days when he contemplated with God! Read not 'abbirim-mighty ones', but lechem evarim-food that is absorbed by the limbs." (Yoma 75b)

Some insights about Miracles:

-To go beyond the normal categories of our experience.

-An event and not a process.

-Moments of insight, decision, prayer create spiritual order.

-The ordinary world is underwritten by the freedom of God.

-Great events, just as great works of art, are significant in themselves. Our interest in them endures long after they are gone.

-Revelation is less an interference with nature than an instilling a new creative moment into the course of history.

-Miracles do not vanish. Sacred history may be described as an attempt to overcome the dividing line of past and present, as an attempt to see the past in the present tense.

-Miracles are essential to civilised living.