Religious Expression
(א) בָּנִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם לַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם לֹ֣א תִתְגֹּֽדְד֗וּ וְלֹֽא־תָשִׂ֧ימוּ קָרְחָ֛ה בֵּ֥ין עֵינֵיכֶ֖ם לָמֵֽת׃
(1) You are children of the LORD your God. You shall not gash yourselves or shave the front of your heads because of the dead.
ומ"ד עשו קרינן כאן (דברים יד, א) לא תתגודדו לא תעשו אגודות אגודות אמר אביי כי אמרינן לא תתגודדו כגון שתי בתי דינים בעיר אחת הללו מורים כדברי ב"ש והללו מורים כדברי ב"ה אבל שתי בתי דינים בשתי עיירות לית לן בה
And yet the question remains: According to the one who said that Beit Shammai acted in accordance with their opinion, we should read here: “You shall not cut yourselves” (Deuteronomy 14:1), which is interpreted to mean: Do not become numerous factions. Abaye said: When we say that the prohibition: “You shall not cut yourselves” applies, we are referring to a case where two courts are located in one city, and these rule in accordance with the statement of Beit Shammai and those rule in accordance with the statement of Beit Hillel. However, with regard to two courts located in two different cities, we have no problem with it.

(א) בנים אתם לה' אלהיכם ולפי דעתי כי טעם עם קדוש הבטחה בקיום הנפשות לפניו יתברך יאמר אחרי שאתה עם קדוש וסגלת ה' ולא ישא אלהים נפש וחשב מחשבות לבלתי ידח ממנו נדח אין ראוי לכם להתגודד ולהקרח על נפש ואפילו ימות בנוער ולא יאסור הכתוב הבכי כי הטבע יתעורר לבכות בפירוד האוהבים ונדודם אף בחיים ומכאן סמך לרבותינו (מו"ק כז) באסרם להתאבל על נפש יותר מדאי:

(1) “You are children to Hashem your G-d- this mitzvah has already been stated regarding the cohanim in the book of vayikra (21:5) “do not shave a bald spot on your head and on your flesh do not scratch a mark”. And now it can be explained, that this commandment was not given (only) to the cohanim on account of their elevated status, rather the entire nation is holy and they are all children of G-d, just like the cohanim therefore, they are also obligated in this prohibition.”
(ב) ולא תשימו קרחה. כמשפט הגוים עד היום הזה:
(2) nor make any baldness as the other nations do, to this very day.

(ג) וטעם בנים. אחר שתדעו שאתם בנים לשם והוא אוהב אתכם יותר מהאב לבן אל תתגודדו על כל מה שיעשה כי כל אשר יעשה לטוב הוא ואם לא תבינוהו כאשר לא יבינו הבנים הקטנים מעשה אביהם רק יסמכו עליו כן תעשו גם אתם כי עם קדוש אתה ואינך כשאר כל הגוים על כן לא תעשה כמעשיהם. וטעם הסמך פרשת לא תאכל כל תועבה כי אתה עם קדוש בלב ובפה ותהיו מובדלים מן העמים וכל רואיכם יכירו אתכם כי לא תקרחו על מת ולא תאכלו כל חי ואם אתה עם קדוש אין ראוי שתאכל טמא ותטמא הנפש:

(3) Children Once you understand that you are children of God , and He loves you more than a father loves his child, then you will not cut your flesh over anything that He does, for everything that he does is good. Even if you do not understand it — as small children do not not understand their father’s actions, yet they trust him — you should yourselves act likewise, because you are a consecrated people and you are not like the other Canaanites. Accordingly you should not act as they act. The reason for the juxtaposition of this passage with the passage you must not eat any abominable thing is: You are to be a holy nation, in your hearts and in your mouths. You must thus be distinguishable from the other nations, so that anyone who sees you will recognize you. Accordingly you must not make yourselves bald over the dead [cf . : 1], nor may you eat just any animal — for, if you are to be a holy nation, it is not fitting that you should eat that which is defiled, and thereby defile your souls.

(א) בנים אתם וגו'. צריך לדעת מה טעם סמך מאמר בנים אתם למאמר תתגודדו, נראה שנתכוון לומר שבמיתת איש אין אבדה למת אלא הרי הוא דומה לאדם ששלח בנו לסחורה לעיר אחרת ולימים שלח האב אחר בנו ואין העדר הבן אלא מן המקום שהלך משם אבל על כל פנים ישנו ואדרבה בטוב לו שחזר הבן אצל אביו שהוא מקור החיים ועל זה אין לנו להתגודד ולשים קרחה מה שאין כן העכו''ם שלא נקראו בנים לה', והוא אומרו אתם לשלול העכו''ם שעליהם ידוו הדווים ביום מיתתם שהם מתים מיתה שאינם עוד בנמצא בין החיים:

(1) בנים אתם לה׳ אלוקיכם, "You are children to the Lord your G'd, etc." Why did the Torah write this statement next to the prohibition to make incisions on one's body? It appears that the reason is to teach us that if one loses a family member to death one should not look upon the deceased as having become lost. The true state of affairs can be understood by a parable. A father sent a son to a distant city to buy some merchandise. Seeing the son did not return, the father sends out someone after a while to try and locate him. The son's absence was felt only in his home town; this does not mean that he no longer exists. Moreover, the chances are that the reason he did not return is that he is better off in his new home as he is closer to the original father, i.e. G'd, who was the primary source of his having lived on earth in the first place. This is the reason we must not make incisions on our bodies, or to make bald spots on top of our heads in mourning for the deceased. This law would not apply to the Gentile nations as they are not in the category of being "children of G'd." The reason the Torah stresses the word אתם, "you," is to explain the difference between the death of a Gentile who does indeed cease to live in any world upon his physical death and the Jew who moves on to a higher world.

(א) בנים אתם לה' אלהיכם לא תתגודדו שאין ראוי להראות תכלית הדאגה והצער על הקרוב המת כשנשאר קרוב נכבד ממנו במעלה ובתקות טוב לפיכך אתם בנים לה' שהוא אביכם קיים לעד אין ראוי שתדאגו ותתאבלו בתכלית על שום מת:

(1) בנים אתם לה' אלוקיכם, לא תתגודדו, it is bad manners to display excessive grief over the loss of a relative as long as a more relevant relative (G’d) is still alive. This is why G’d reminds us in this context that we are His children, i.e. that whatever relative we may mourn we have a father who is alive and well so that we are not really orphaned.

(כח) וַֽיִּקְרְאוּ֙ בְּק֣וֹל גָּד֔וֹל וַיִּתְגֹּֽדְדוּ֙ כְּמִשְׁפָּטָ֔ם בַּחֲרָב֖וֹת וּבָֽרְמָחִ֑ים עַד־שְׁפָךְ־דָּ֖ם עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

(28) So they shouted louder, and gashed themselves with knives and spears, according to their practice, until the blood streamed over them.

Rabbi Sachs

Whichever of these explanations speaks most strongly to us, the principle is clear. Here is how Maimonides sets out the law: “Whoever does not mourn the dead in the manner enjoined by the rabbis is cruel [achzari – perhaps a better translation would be, ‘lacking in sensitivity’]” (Hilkhot Avel 13:12). At the same time, however, “One should not indulge in excessive grief over one’s dead, for it is said, ‘Weep not for the dead, nor bemoan him’ (Jer. 22:10), that is to say, weep not too much, for that is the way of the world, and he who frets over the way of the world is a fool” (ibid. 13:11).

Halakhah, Jewish law, strives to create a balance between too much and too little grief.

Hence the various stages of bereavement: aninut (the period between the death and burial), shiva (the week of mourning), sheloshim (thirty days in the case of other relatives) and shanah (a year, in the case of parents). Judaism ordains a precisely calibrated sequence of grief, from the initial, numbing moment of loss itself, to the funeral and the return home, to the period of being comforted by friends and members of the community, to a more extended time during which one does not engage in activities associated with joy.

תנו רבנן כשחרב הבית בשניה רבו פרושין בישראל שלא לאכול בשר ושלא לשתות יין נטפל להן ר' יהושע אמר להן בני מפני מה אי אתם אוכלין בשר ואין אתם שותין יין אמרו לו נאכל בשר שממנו מקריבין על גבי מזבח ועכשיו בטל נשתה יין שמנסכין על גבי המזבח ועכשיו בטל אמר להם א"כ לחם לא נאכל שכבר בטלו מנחות אפשר בפירות פירות לא נאכל שכבר בטלו בכורים אפשר בפירות אחרים מים לא נשתה שכבר בטל ניסוך המים שתקו אמר להן בני בואו ואומר לכם שלא להתאבל כל עיקר אי אפשר שכבר נגזרה גזרה ולהתאבל יותר מדאי אי אפשר שאין גוזרין גזירה על הצבור אא"כ רוב צבור יכולין לעמוד בה דכתיב (מלאכי ג, ט) במארה אתם נארים ואותי אתם קובעים הגוי כולו

§ Having mentioned the prohibition against plastering, which is a sign of mourning over the destruction of the Temple, the Gemara discusses related matters. The Sages taught in a baraita (Tosefta, Sota 15:11): When the Temple was destroyed a second time, there was an increase in the number of ascetics among the Jews, whose practice was to not eat meat and to not drink wine. Rabbi Yehoshua joined them to discuss their practice. He said to them: My children, for what reason do you not eat meat and do you not drink wine? They said to him: Shall we eat meat, from which offerings are sacrificed upon the altar, and now the altar has ceased to exist? Shall we drink wine, which is poured as a libation upon the altar, and now the altar has ceased to exist? Rabbi Yehoshua said to them: If so, we will not eat bread either, since the meal-offerings that were offered upon the altar have ceased. They replied: You are correct. It is possible to subsist with produce. He said to them: We will not eat produce either, since the bringing of the first fruits have ceased. They replied: You are correct. We will no longer eat the produce of the seven species from which the first fruits were brought, as it is possible to subsist with other produce. He said to them: If so, we will not drink water, since the water libation has ceased. They were silent, as they realized that they could not survive without water. Rabbi Yehoshua said to them: My children, come, and I will tell you how we should act. To not mourn at all is impossible, as the decree was already issued and the Temple has been destroyed. But to mourn excessively as you are doing is also impossible, as the Sages do not issue a decree upon the public unless a majority of the public is able to abide by it, as it is written: “You are cursed with the curse, yet you rob Me, even this whole nation” (Malachi 3:9), indicating that the prophet rebukes the people for neglecting observances only if they were accepted by the whole nation. Rabbi Yehoshua continues: Rather, this is what the Sages said: A person may plaster his house with plaster, but he must leave over a small amount in it without plaster to remember the destruction of the Temple. The Gemara interjects: And how much is a small amount? Rav Yosef said: One cubit by one cubit. Rav Ḥisda said: This should be opposite the entrance, so that it is visible to all.
(ח) לֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֔וּן כְּ֠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲנַ֧חְנוּ עֹשִׂ֛ים פֹּ֖ה הַיּ֑וֹם אִ֖ישׁ כָּל־הַיָּשָׁ֥ר בְּעֵינָֽיו׃ (ט) כִּ֥י לֹא־בָּאתֶ֖ם עַד־עָ֑תָּה אֶל־הַמְּנוּחָה֙ וְאֶל־הַֽנַּחֲלָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃
(8) You shall not act at all as we now act here, every man as he pleases, (9) because you have not yet come to the allotted haven that the LORD your God is giving you.

Danger in other areas of religious expression

f., pl., “Bamot”]; an altar made on a high place, for the service of HaShem or the service of idols.

There was a time of “heter habamot,” a time when it was permitted to worship HaShem using “bamot,” but after a certain period, after the “Mishkan,” the Tabernacle, the temporary transportable Temple, moved to Shiloh, and certainly once the designed-to-be permanent Temple stood in Yerushalayim, there began the period of “Issur HaBamot,’ in which “bamot” were prohibited even for the Service of HaShem. But they were so ingrained into the ritual life of the Jewish People that it was almost impossible to eradicate their use, and the Bible would often comment about one of the Kings who had been relatively good in terms of observance of the Torah, “but he could not eliminate the ‘bamot.’ ”

English

Rav Hirsch

The restrictions are puzzling. The quest to connect with G-d is widespread – at times, almost universal. Yet, feelings of spiritual elevation are often fleeting and ephemeral. We would think that the Torah would encourage us to act on any impulse to draw close to the Shechinah through a korban. Instead, the Torah erects huge obstacles in front of bamos, the private altars which were the most convenient way for a person to bring an offering to Hashem. They were so popular that even the better kings had trouble eliminating them.English