Counting and not-counting ~ Bamidbar

(א) וַיְדַבֵּ֨ר ה' אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֛ה בְּמִדְבַּ֥ר סִינַ֖י בְּאֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד בְּאֶחָד֩ לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֜י בַּשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשֵּׁנִ֗ית לְצֵאתָ֛ם מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם לֵאמֹֽר׃ (ב) שְׂא֗וּ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֙ כָּל־עֲדַ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖ם לְבֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑ם בְּמִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֔וֹת כָּל־זָכָ֖ר לְגֻלְגְּלֹתָֽם׃ (ג) מִבֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָמַ֔עְלָה כָּל־יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל תִּפְקְד֥וּ אֹתָ֛ם לְצִבְאֹתָ֖ם אַתָּ֥ה וְאַהֲרֹֽן׃

Numbers 1:1-3

(1) On the first day of the second month, in the second year following the exodus from the land of Egypt, the LORD spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, saying: (2) Take a census of the whole Israelite community by the clans of its ancestral houses, listing the names, every male, head by head. (3) You and Aaron shall record them by their groups, from the age of twenty years up, all those in Israel who are able to bear arms.

רש"י על במדבר א׳:א׳:א׳

(א) וידבר. במדבר סיני באחד לחדש. מתוך חיבתן לפניו מונה אותם כל שעה כשיצאו ממצרים מנאן וכשנפלו בעגל מנאן לידע מנין הנותרים כשבא להשרות שכינתו עליהן מנאן. באחד בניסן הוקם המשכן ובאחד באייר מנאם:

Rashi on Numbers 1:1:1

(1) וידבר… במדבר סיני … באחד לחדש וגו׳ AND [THE LORD] SPOKE [UNTO MOSES] IN THE DESERT OF SINAI … ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE [SECOND] MONTH … [TAKE YE THE SUM OF ALL THE CONGREGATION] etc. — Because they were dear to him, He counts them every now and then: when they went forth from Egypt He counted them (Exodus 12:37), when many of them fell in consequence of their having worshipped the golden calf He counted them to ascertain the number of those left (cf. Rashi Exodus 30:16); when he was about to make His Shechinah dwell amongst them (i. e. when He commanded them to make a Tabernacle), He again took their census; for on the first day of Nisan the Tabernacle was erected (Exodus 40:2) and shortly afterwards, on the first day of Iyar, He counted them.

במדבר רבה ד׳:ב׳

(ב) דָּבָר אַחֵר, פְּקֹד כָּל בְּכֹר זָכָר וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (שיר השירים ו, ח ט): שִׁשִּׁים הֵמָּה מְלָכוֹת וגו' אַחַת הִיא יוֹנָתִי תַמָּתִי וגו', מָשָׁל לְאָדָם שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פְּרַגְמָטוֹטִין שֶׁל אֲבָנִים, שֶׁל זְכוּכִית, וְהָיָה מוֹצִיאָן לַשּׁוּק וְלֹא הָיָה מַבְחִין בַּמִּנְיָן, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה מוֹצִיאָן בְּמִנְיָן, וְנִכְנָס לְהַנִּיחָן וְלֹא הָיָה מַנִּיחָן בְּמִנְיָן, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה מַשְׁגִּיחַ עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁהָיוּ שֶׁל זְכוּכִית, וְהָיָה לוֹ פְּרַגְמָטֵיס אַחַת שֶׁל מַרְגָּלִיּוֹת נָאוֹת וְהָיָה נוֹטְלָהּ וּמוֹצִיאָהּ בְּמִנְיָן וּמַנִּיחָהּ בְּמִנְיָן. כָּךְ כִּבְיָכוֹל אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם לֹא נָתַתִּי מִנְיָן, לָמָּה, שֶׁאֵין חֲשׁוּבִין לְפָנַי כְּלוּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מ, יז): כָּל הַגּוֹיִם כְּאַיִן נֶגְדוֹ. אֲבָל אַתֶּם בָּנַי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים מו, ג): הָעֲמֻסִים מִנִּי בֶטֶן וגו', לְכָךְ מוֹנֶה אֶתְכֶם בְּכָל שָׁעָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: פְּקֹד כָּל בְּכֹר זָכָר, הֱוֵי: שִׁשִּׁים הֵמָּה מְלָכוֹת וגו' אַחַת הִיא יוֹנָתִי, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Bemidbar Rabbah 4:2

(2) Another interpretation: "Number all the first-born males..." (Numbers 3:40) This is what is written (Song of Songs 6:8-9): "There are sixty queens ... [but] My dove, my undefiled, is just one ..." Compare to a parable: A person who had a bundle of glass stones and would bring them them to the market, but s/he would not notice their number, ... since s/he would not care about them, as they were glass. But s/he had one bundle of precious pearls, and s/he would take it and bring it out by number and put it away counting them. Similarly, so to speak, the Holy One Blessed be He said to Israel: You are My children, as it says, (Isaiah 46:3), 'that are borne [by Me] from the birth ...' Therefore, I count you all the time." Therefore, it is said "Number all the first-born males." That is: "There are sixty queens but My dove, my undefiled, is just one ..." - these are Israel.

רשב"ם על במדבר א׳:ב׳:א׳

(א) שאו את ראש כל עדת - לפי שמעתה צריכים לבוא לארץ ישראל ובני עשרים ראוים לצאת בצבא המלחמה, שהרי בעשרים בחדש השני הזה נעלה הענן, כדכתיב בפרשת בהעלותך, וכתיב שם: נוסעים אנחנו אל המקום וגו' ולכך צוה הקב"ה בתחלת חודש זה למנותן.

Rashbam on Numbers 1:2:1

(1) Take a census - because from this point on the Israelites were headed for the land of Israel, and all males over the age of 20 were enlisted in the army for war, because on the 20th of the second month the Torah speaks of the people leaving the region of Mount Sinai, the cloud having lifted off the Tabernacle and begun to move ahead of the people. (Compare Numbers 10:11). In that chapter, verse 29, Moses invited his father-in-law Yitro to accompany the people who were now “journeying” toward the promised land. God issued the command to count the people so that one could keep track of how many soldiers there were.

רמב"ן על במדבר א׳:ב׳

שאו את ראש כל עדת בני ישראל - ... ואפשר שיהיה הטעם בזה, בעבור שאינו חזק למלחמה בפחות מעשרים, וכמו שאמרו (אבות ה כא): בן עשרים לרדוף....

Ramban on Numbers 1:2

"Take the census" - ... A possible reason [for only counting men aged 20 and up] is that below age 20, one is not strong enough for battle, as it says (Mishnah Avot 5:21), "At age twenty one begins to pursue."

Akeidat Yitzhak, Numbers, #72

R. Isaac Arama (1420-1494) asks why all the seemingly dull details of the census are necessary. Did God not know the number of Israelites encamped in the desert in any case? Taking account of them one by one, R. Arama argues, serves to teach that each one has individual worth, and is not just a member of the collective. "They were all equal in stature," Arama writes, "and yet the stature of each one was different". (Courtesy of R. Shai Held)

יומא כ״ב ב:ב׳-ו׳

ואם היו שניהן שוין הממונה אומר להם הצביעו וכו' תנא הוציאו אצבעותיכם למנין ונימנינהו לדידהו מסייע ליה לרבי יצחק דאמר רבי יצחק אסור למנות את ישראל אפילו לדבר מצוה דכתיב (שמואל א יא, ח) ויפקדם בבזק מתקיף לה רב אשי ממאי דהאי בזק לישנא דמיבזק הוא ודילמא שמא דמתא הוא כדכתיב (שופטים א, ה) וימצאו אדוני בזק אלא מהכא (שמואל א טו, ד) וישמע שאול את העם ויפקדם בטלאים אמר רבי אלעזר כל המונה את ישראל עובר בלאו שנאמר (הושע ב, א) והיה מספר בני ישראל כחול הים אשר לא ימד רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר עובר בשני לאוין שנאמר לא ימד ולא יספר אמר רבי שמואל בר נחמני ר' יונתן רמי כתיב והיה מספר בני ישראל כחול הים וכתיב אשר לא ימד ולא יספר לא קשיא כאן בזמן שישראל עושין רצונו של מקום כאן בזמן שאין עושין רצונו של מקום רבי אמר משום אבא יוסי בן דוסתאי לא קשיא כאן בידי אדם כאן בידי שמים

Yoma 22b:2-6

§ It was taught in the mishna that if both of them were equal and neither preceded the other, the appointed priest says to all the priests: Extend your fingers [hatzbiu], and a lottery was performed. A tanna taught the meaning of the unusual term hatzbiu: Put out your fingers for a count. The Gemara asks: Let him count the priests themselves directly, rather than counting their fingers. The Gemara answers: This is a support for a teaching of Rabbi Yitzḥak, as Rabbi Yitzḥak said: It is prohibited to count Jews directly, even for the purposes of a mitzva, as it is written concerning King Saul and his count of his soldiers: “And he numbered them with bezek”(I Samuel 11:8),meaning that he counted them through shards, one shard representing each man, rather than counting them directly. Rav Ashi strongly objects to this interpretation of the verse: From where do you derive that this word bezek is a term related to the verb meaning to break apart, so that it means shards? Perhaps it is the name of a town, and it means that Saul counted them in Bezek, as it is written: “And they found Adoni-bezek in Bezek” (Judges 1:5), which shows that Bezek is the name of a place. The Gemara answers: Indeed, the proof is not from that verse but from here, where it says: “And Saul summoned the people and numbered them by sheep” (I Samuel 15:4), meaning that Saul tallied his soldiers by having each one take a sheep and put it aside to represent him in the count. Rabbi Elazar said: Whoever counts a group of Jews violates a negative mitzva, as it is stated: “And the number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured” (Hosea 2:1). Rabbi Elazar interprets the verse to be saying: Which may not be measured. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: One who counts a group of Jews in fact violates two negative mitzvot, as it is stated in that verse: “Which cannot be measured and cannot be counted” (Hosea 2:1). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan raised a contradiction: It is written in this verse: “And the number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea,” suggesting that they will have a specific number, though it will be very large. On the other hand, it continues and says: “Which cannot be measured and cannot be counted,” which means they will not be countable at all. How can these two statements be reconciled? It is not difficult: Here, in the second statement, it is referring to a time when the Jewish people fulfill the will of God; then they will be innumerable. There, in the first statement, it is referring to a time when the Jewish people do not fulfill the will of God; then they will be like the sand of the sea, having a specific number. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said a different resolution in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: It is not difficult: Here, in the second statement, it is referring to counting by the hand of man; the Jewish people will be too numerous to count by man. There, in the first statement, it is referring to counting by the hand of God, and He will find that they are like the number of the grains of the sand of the sea.

Jacob Milgrom, JPS Torah Commentary (1991), Numbers 31:48-52, Excursus 2

The basis for the taboo against a census is not known, although one plausible suggestion has been offered: As the shepherd counts his sheep, so the counter of persons must be their owner, a title belonging solely to God and not to man.

R. Menachem Mendel Morgenstern of Kotzk, known as the Kotzker Rebbe

“Give me ten emesdike yiddin, and I will change the world."