Balancing Self and Others in Social Justice

ByAJWS Staff

AJWS On1Foot

Mishna, Pirkei Avot 1:13

משנה אבות א׳:י״ד

הוא היה אומר אם אין אני לי מי לי וכשאני לעצמי מה אני ואם לא עכשיו אימתי:

Pirkei Avot 1:14

If I am not for myself, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when? [Translation by HillelandPanim]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. Examine this Mishna piece by piece. What is Hillel saying?
2. What is the overall guiding moral and ethical principle of Hillel’s teaching?
3. How can we translate this teaching into our social justice work today?

BabylonianTalmud, Shabbat 31a

שבת ל״א א:ו׳

שוב מעשה בנכרי אחד שבא לפני שמאי, אמר לו: גיירני על מנת שתלמדני כל התורה כולה כשאני עומד על רגל אחת. דחפו באמת הבנין שבידו. בא לפני הלל, גייריה. אמר לו: דעלך סני לחברך לא תעביד - זו היא כל התורה כולה, ואידך - פירושה הוא, זיל גמור.

Shabbat 31a:6

On another occasion it happened that a certain non-Jew came before Shammai and said to him, “I will convert to Judaism, on condition that you teach me the whole Torah while I stand on one foot.” Shammai chased him away with the builder's tool that was in his hand. He came before Hillel and said to him, "Convert me." Hillel said to him, “What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbor: that is the whole Torah; the rest is commentary; go and learn it.” [AJWS translation]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. How is Hillel's phrase here different than the verse in Leviticus, "Love your neighbor as yourself?"
2. If we truly followed this dictum, how would our daily behavior change? How would our government policies change - foreign and domestic?
3. What other social justice themes emerge from this text?

BabylonianTalmud, Sanhedrin 32b

סנהדרין ל״ב ב:ו׳-ז׳

כדתניא: צדק צדק תרדף - אחד לדין ואחד לפשרה. כיצד? שתי ספינות עוברות בנהר ופגעו זה בזה, אם עוברות שתיהן - שתיהן טובעות, בזה אחר זה - שתיהן עוברות. וכן שני גמלים שהיו עולים במעלות בית חורון ופגעו זה בזה, אם עלו שניהן - שניהן נופלין, בזה אחר זה - שניהן עולין. הא כיצד? טעונה ושאינה טעונה - תידחה שאינה טעונה מפני טעונה. קרובה ושאינה קרובה - תידחה קרובה מפני שאינה קרובה. היו שתיהן קרובות, שתיהן רחוקות - הטל פשרה ביניהן, ומעלות שכר זו לזו.

Sanhedrin 32b:6-7

It has been taught: Justice, justice shall you follow; the first [mention of justice] refers to a decision based on strict law; the second, to a compromise. How so? Where two boats sailing on a river meet; If both attempt to pass simultaneously, both will sink, whereas, if one makes way for the other, both can pass [without mishap]. Likewise, if two camels met each other while on the ascent to Beth-Horon; if they both ascend [at the same time] both may tumble down [into the valley]; but if [they ascend] after each other, both can go up [safely]. How then should they act? If one is laden and the other unladen, the latter should give way to the former. If one is nearer [to its destination] than the other, the former should give way to the latter. If both are [equally] near or far [from their destination,] make a compromise between them, the one [which is to go forward] compensating the other [which has to give way]. [Soncino translation]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What are the factors by which to decide who takes precedence?
2. In what ways might we apply these same factors when prioritizing our foreign policy? Our domestic policies?
3. What social justice themes emerge from this text?

Psalms 72:1-4

לִשְׁלֹמֹה אֱלֹהִים מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ לְמֶלֶךְ תֵּן וְצִדְקָתְךָ לְבֶן מֶלֶךְ: יָדִין עַמְּךָ בְצֶדֶק וַעֲנִיֶּיךָ בְמִשְׁפָּט: יִשְׂאוּ הָרִים שָׁלוֹם לָעָם וּגְבָעוֹת בִּצְדָקָה: יִשְׁפֹּט עֲנִיֵּי עָם יוֹשִׁיעַ לִבְנֵי אֶבְיוֹן וִידַכֵּא עוֹשֵׁק:

Psalms.72.1-4

Of Solomon. O God, endow the king with Your judgments, the king's son with Your righteousness; that he may judge Your people rightly, Your impoverished ones, justly. Let the mountains produce well-being for the people, the hills, the reward of justice. Let him champion the lowly among the people, deliver the needy folk, and crush those who wrong them. [AJWS translation]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What are the responsibilities of those in positions of power?
2. What power dynamics are at play?
3. What social justice themes emerge from this text?

Deuteronomy 1:16-17

וָאֲצַוֶּה אֶת שֹׁפְטֵיכֶם בָּעֵת הַהִוא לֵאמֹר שָׁמֹעַ בֵּין אֲחֵיכֶם וּשְׁפַטְתֶּם צֶדֶק בֵּין אִישׁ וּבֵין אָחִיו וּבֵין גֵּרוֹ: לֹא תַכִּירוּ פָנִים בַּמִּשְׁפָּט כַּקָּטֹן כַּגָּדֹל תִּשְׁמָעוּן לֹא תָגוּרוּ מִפְּנֵי אִישׁ כִּי הַמִּשְׁפָּט לֵאלֹהִים הוּא וְהַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יִקְשֶׁה מִכֶּם תַּקְרִבוּן אֵלַי וּשְׁמַעְתִּיו:

Deuteronomy.1.16-17

I charged your magistrates at that time as follows, "Hear out your fellows, and decide justly between any person and a fellow Israelite or a stranger. You shall not be partial in judgment: hear out low and high alike. Fear no person, for judgment is God's. And any matter that is too difficult for you, you shall bring to me and I will hear it." [JPS translation edited for gender-neutrality]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. According to this text, who is responsible for justice?
2. What guidance is given in this text for dispute resolution?
3. Who is protected by these guidelines? To what extent are they applied today?

4. Is there a spiritual answer to issues of social justice?

Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Insecurity of Freedom (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1966)

Original
Freedom means more than mere emancipation. It is primarily freedom of conscience, bound up with inner allegiance. The danger begins when freedom is thought to consist of the fact that “I can act as I desire.” This definition not only overlooks the compulsions which often lie behind our desires; it reveals the tragic truth that freedom may develop within itself the seed of its own destruction. The will is not an ultimate and isolated entity, but determined by motives beyond its own control. To be what one wants to be is also not freedom, since the wishes of the ego are largely determined by external factors…Freedom presupposes the capacity for sacrifice. Man’s true fulfillment cannot be reached by the isolated individual, and his true good depends on communion with, and participation in, that which transcends him. Each challenge from beyond the person is unique, and each response must be new and creative… The glory of a free society lies not only in the consciousness of my right to be free, and my capacity to be free, but also in the realization of my fellow man’s right to be free, and his capacity to be free. The issue we face is how to save man’s belief in his capacity to be free.

Original

Freedom means more than mere emancipation. It is primarily freedom of conscience, bound up with inner allegiance. The danger begins when freedom is thought to consist of the fact that “I can act as I desire.” This definition not only overlooks the compulsions which often lie behind our desires; it reveals the tragic truth that freedom may develop within itself the seed of its own destruction. The will is not an ultimate and isolated entity, but determined by motives beyond its own control. To be what one wants to be is also not freedom, since the wishes of the ego are largely determined by external factors…Freedom presupposes the capacity for sacrifice. Man’s true fulfillment cannot be reached by the isolated individual, and his true good depends on communion with, and participation in, that which transcends him. Each challenge from beyond the person is unique, and each response must be new and creative… The glory of a free society lies not only in the consciousness of my right to be free, and my capacity to be free, but also in the realization of my fellow man’s right to be free, and his capacity to be free. The issue we face is how to save man’s belief in his capacity to be free.

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What is freedom here?
2. How do we go about (re)claiming our own freedom and the freedom of others?
3. What social justice themes emerge from this text?