Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 9:12

משנה: הַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ לֹא יְמַשְׁכְּנֶנּוּ אֶלָּא בְּבֵית דִּין וְלֹא יִכָּנֵס לְבֵיתוֹ לִיטּוֹל מַּשְׁכּוֹנוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֲמַר בַּחוּץ תַּעֲמוֹד. הָיוּ לוֹ שְׁנֵי כֵלִים נוֹטֵל אֶחָד וּמַחֲזִיר אֶחָד. מַחֲזִיר אֶת הַכַּר בַּלַּיְלָה וְאֶת הַמַּחֲרֵישָׁה בַיּוֹם. וְאִם מֵת אֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיר לְיוֹרְשָׁיו. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר אַף לְעַצְמוֹ אֵינֶנּוּ מַחֲזִיר אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם וּמִשְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם וּלְהַלָּן מוֹכְרָן בְּבֵית דִּין. MISHNAH: A person who lends to another may take a pledge from him only in court⁸⁶Under the supervision of the court.. He may not enter his house to take his pledge, as it is said: “You have to stand outside.⁸⁷Deut. 24:11.” If he had two vessels⁸⁸This expression, כֵּלִים, covers both implements and textiles., he takes one and returns one. He returns the pillow for the night⁸⁹Deut. 24:13. and the plough for the day. If he⁹⁰The debtor. dies, he⁹¹The creditor. does not return it to his⁹⁰The debtor. heirs. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, even to himself⁹⁰The debtor. he⁹¹The creditor. returns it only up to 30 days; after thirty days⁹²The religious obligation to return the pledge is formulated in Deut.24:13 as an obligation to return it to the debtor in person. If the debtor died, the pledge may be sold and the proceeds deducted from the amount of the debt. he⁹¹The creditor. sells it in court⁸⁶Under the supervision of the court.

הלכה: כְּתִיב בִּנְזָקִין שֶׁיְּהֵא גוֹבֶה בָּעִידִית. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וגו׳. וּכְתִיב בְּמִלְוָה שֶׁיְּהֵא גוֹבֶה בְּבֵינוֹנִית. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה נוֹשֶׁה בוֹ וגו׳. לָמְדוּ קַרְקָעוֹת מִן הַמַּשְׁכּוֹנוֹת. וְדִכְוָותָהּ יְלַמֵּדוּ מַשְׁכּוֹנוֹת מִקַּרְקָעוֹת. פֵּירַשׁ רִבִּי סִימַאי. דְּבַר תּוֹרָה שֶׁיְּהֵא שָׁלִיחַ בֵּית דִּין נִכְנַס וְגוֹבֶה בְּבֵינוֹנִית. שֶׁאִם יִכָּנֵס הַמַּלְוֶה הֲרֵי הוּא מוֹצִיא הַיָּפֶה. וְאִם יִכָּנֵס הַלּוֹוֶה מוֹצִיא הָרַע. אֶלָּא שָׁלוּחַ בֵּית דִּין נִכְנַס וְגוֹבֶה בְּבֵינוֹנִית. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. דְּבַר תּוֹרָה שֶׁיְּהֵא הַלּוֹוֶה נִכְנַס. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה נוֹשֶׁה בוֹ וגו׳. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. תַּנֵּיי תַמָּן. חָבוֹל. בְּבֵית דִּין. שֶׁלֹֹּא בְּבֵית דִּין מְנַיִין. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אִם חָבוֹל תַּחְבּוֹל. מִישְׁכְּנוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בִרְשׁוּת עוֹבֵר עַל כָּל שֵּׁם וְשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. הוּא גָרַם לְעַצְמוֹ [לַעֲבוֹר] עַל כָּל שֵּׁם וְשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ. HALAKHAH: It is written about torts that the collection be from the best quality, as it is said: “his best field, etc.⁹³Ex. 22:4; Babli Giṭṭin 48b.” And it is written about a loan that the collection be from average quality, as it is said: “and the man to whom you are creditor, etc.^87,Deut. 24:11.⁹⁴The inference is explained later by R. Simai.” They inferred real estate from pledges⁹⁵Since Deut. 24:14 refers to a pledge of movables, it is not obvious that the same rule should be applied to the foreclosure of a mortgage.. Similarly, should not pledges be inferred from real estate⁹⁶If payment for torts is made by cash or movables, not in real estate, that only best quality would be acceptable. But any debt can be liquidated by money or money’s worth to avoid foreclosure.? ⁹⁷A parallel to the remainder of the paragraph is in Giṭṭin 5:1, Notes 30–32. Rebbi Simai explained: It is a word of the Torah that the court’s bailiff enter and collect from average quality. For if the creditor enter, he would bring out the best. And if the debtor enter, he would bring out the worst. But the court’s bailiff enters and collects from average quality. Rebbi Ismael stated: It is a word of the Torah that the debtor enter, as it is said: “and the man to whom you are creditor etc.⁹⁸Deut. 24:10–11: “If you are a creditor to your neighbor for anything, do not enter his house to take his pledge. Stand outside, and the man to whom you are creditor shall bring the pledge outside to you.” This clearly indicates that it is up to the debtor to determine what to give as pledge; the requirement that it be of medium quality is purely rabbinical for R. Ismael; in the words of the Babli “not to lock the door before borrowers” (Babli 113b). The obligation to stand outside extends to the bailiff (Sifry Deut. 276).
But R. Simai, and the Masoretes who follow him in their punctuation, read: “Stand outside, and the man, acting on behalf of the one to whom you are creditor, shall bring …” The man is the court’s employee.” Rebbi La said, it was stated there⁹⁹In Babylonia.: “to seize as pledge”, by the court. Outside the court, from where¹⁰⁰The court has to give authorization; it does not have to oversee the execution.? The verse¹⁰¹Ex. 22:25. says, “if to seize as pledge you seize as pledge.” If he took the pledge without authorization, he transgresses all these verses¹⁰²Tosephta 10:8: Ex. 22:25, Deut.24:10–13, for a total of five sins committed by one action.. Rebbi La said, he caused himself to transgress all these verses¹⁰³If he received the pledge through the court’s bailiff and did not return it, he still would transgress Ex.22:25 and Deut. 24:13, but not the other commandments..

מִישְׁכְּנוֹ וְחָזַר וְנָתַן לוֹ. מִּידַּת הַדִּין בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁיְּהֵא גוֹבֶה מִנְּכָסִין מְשׁוּעֲבָדִין. וְאִם מַחֲזִיר לוֹ לְאֵי זֶה דָבָר שֶׁמִּישְׁכֵּנוּ הוּא מְמַשְׁכְּנוֹ. פֵּירַשׁ רִבִּי. שֶׁמָּא תָבוֹא שְׁמִיטָּה וְיַשְׁמִיט. אוֹ שֶׁמָּא יָמוּת הַלָּהּ וְנִמְצְאוּ הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין בְּיַד הַיּוֹרְשִׁין. If he took a pledge and then returned it, by law he can collect from the property mortgaged to him¹⁰⁴Usually, נְכָסִין מְשׁוּעֲבָדִין denotes otherwise mortgaged real estate. But in this case it denotes the pledge, which in case of non-payment the creditor can satisfy himself from. Since by biblical law the pledge has to be returned periodically, why should the Jewish creditor of a Jew bother to take a pledge?. ¹⁰⁵Tosephta 10:9. In the Babli, 114b–115a, in the name of R. Meïr.“But if he returns it, why does he take a pledge? Rebbi explained, for maybe there will be a Sabbatical year and annul [the debt]¹⁰⁶Secured loans are not remitted in the Sabbatical year; Mishnah Ševi‘it10:2.. Or maybe that one¹⁰⁷The borrower. If the borrower’s estate contains no real estate, the creditor might be unable to force repayment of the debt. will die and leave the movables in the heir’s hand.”

תַּנֵּי. חוֹבֵל כְּסוּת יוֹם בַּלַּיְלָה וּכְסוּת לַיְלָה בַיּוֹם. מַחֲזִיר כְּסוּת יוֹם בַּיּוֹם וּכְסוּת לַיְלָה בַלַּיְלָה. כָּר וְסַדִּין שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לְכַסּוֹת בַּלַּיְלָה חוֹבְלָן בַּיּוֹם וּמַחֲזִירָן בַּלַּיְלָה. קוֹרְדוֹם וּמַחֲרֵישָׁה שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהֶן מְלָאכָה בַיּוֹם חוֹבְלָן בַּלַּיְלָה וּמַחֲזִירָן בַּיּוֹם. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. זִימְנִין דְּתִיפְתָּר הָהֵן קְרָא לֹא תָבוֹא עָלָיו הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ. לָא תִדְנַח עֲלוֹי שִׁמְשָׁא. וְזִימְנִין דְּתִיפְתָּר לָהּ. לָא תִטְמַע עֲלוֹי שִׁמְשָׁא. דִּכְתִיב הָשֵׁב תָּשִׁיב לוֹ אֶת הָעֲבוֹט כְּבוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ. עִם מַעֲלֵי שִׁמְשָׁא. עַד בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לוֹ. עַד מִטְמָעֵי שִׁמְשָָׁא. It was stated¹⁰⁸Cf. Mekhilta dR. Ismael Mišpaṭim 19 (p. 316–317); Mekhilta dR. Simeon b. Ioḥai p. 212; Tanḥuma Mišpaṭim 10; Ex. rabba 30:7; Sifry Deut. 277.: He takes a day garment as pledge during the night and a night garment during the day. He returns a day garment during the day and a night garment during the night. Pillow and bed sheet¹⁰⁹Corrected version of the scribe. First he wrote סָגוֹס σάγος, "coarse coat" (expression used in Mekhilta dR. Simeon b. Ioḥai, Sifry Deut.). which are used as cover during the night he may take as pledge during the day and return for the night. An axe and a plough which usually are used for work during the day he may take as pledge during the night and return for the day. Rebbi La said: Sometimes one explains the verse¹¹⁰Deut. 24:15 (speaking of worker’s wages, not pledges). “the sun shall not come onto it,” as “the sun shall not rise upon it”, but sometimes one explains as “the sun shall not set upon it” since it is written “returning you shall return the pledge to him when the sun comes,¹¹¹Deut. 24:13.” at sunrise, “until the going of the sun return it to him,¹⁰¹Ex. 22:25.” until sundown.