וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה. יְלַמְּדֵנוּ רַבֵּנוּ, מַהוּ לְהַבְדִּיל עַל נֵר שֶׁל גּוֹי בְּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. כָּךְ שָׁנוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ, אָסוּר לְהַבְדִּיל עַל הַנֵּר שֶׁל גוֹי בְּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. לָמָּה, שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת מִמְּלָאכָה. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא אִם אַתָּה מַבְדִּיל עַל נֵרוֹ שֶׁל גּוֹי, אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה הַגּוֹי כְּאִלּוּ הוּא סָפוּן. וְהַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַגּוֹיִם כְּאַיִן נֶגְדּוֹ (ישעיה מ, יז). And Joseph was brought down into Egypt (Gen. 39:1). May it please our master to teach us whether one may recite the Havdalah prayer at the expiration of the Sabbath with a light used by an idolater? Thus did our masters teach us: It is forbidden to recite the Havdalah prayer with a light used by an idolater. Why? Because it (the light) does not rest from its work.6It remains a light used for idolatry. B. Berakhot 53b. Furthermore, if you did recite the Havdalah prayer with a light used by an idolater, you would be treating the idolater as though he deserved to be highly regarded, and Scripture states: All the nations are as nothing before Him (Isa. 40:17).
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאַנְטוֹנִינוֹס שֶׁבָּא לְקִסְרִין וְשָׁלַח אַחַר רַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ, וְהָלַךְ עִמּוֹ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בְּנוֹ וְרַבִּי חִיָּא הַגָּדוֹל. רָאָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן שָׁם לִגְיוֹן אֶחָד נָאֶה וּמְשֻׁבָּח, רֹאשׁוֹ מַגִּיעַ לְקַפָּאלִירָס שֶׁל עַמּוּדִים. אָמַר לוֹ לְרַבִּי חִיָּא, רְאֵה כַּמָּה פְטוּמִין עֲגָלִין שֶׁל עֵשָׂו. נְטָלוֹ רַבִּי חִיָּא וְהוֹלִיכוֹ לַשּׁוּק וְהֶרְאָהוּ סַל שֶׁל עֲנָבִים וְשֶׁל תְּאֵנִים וְהַזְּבוּבִין עֲלֵיהֶם. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי חִיָּא, זְבוּבִין אֵלּוּ וְאוֹתוֹ לִגְיוֹן שָׁוִין. כְּשֶׁעָלָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אֵצֶל אָבִיו, אָמַר לוֹ כָּךְ אָמַרְתִּי לְרַבִּי חִיָּא וְכָךְ הֵשִׁיב לִי. אָמַר לוֹ: כָּל כָּךְ נָתַן רַבִּי חִיָּא הַבַּבְלִי מַמָּשׁ שֶׁהִשְׁוָה אוֹתָן לִזְבוּבִין, לְפִי שֶׁלִּגְיוֹנִים אֵלּוּ אֵינָן סְפוּנִין לִכְלוּם. אֲבָל זְבוּבִין, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ בָהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִשְׁרֹק ה' לַזְּבוּב אֲשֶׁר בִּקְצֵה יְאֹרֵי וְגוֹ' (ישעיה ז, יח). וְכֵן, וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת הַצִּרְעָה (שמות כג, כח), וּבְכִנִּים וּצְפַרְדְּעִים. תֵּדַע, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְקַיֵּם גְּזֵרַת יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע, בַּקָּטֹן שֶׁבַּשְּׁבָטִים עוֹשֶׂה שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ, וְנִמְכַּר יוֹסֵף בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְיָרְדוּ יַעֲקֹב וּבָנָיו וּפָרְעוּ אֶת הַשְּׁטָר. לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה. It is related that when Antoninus came to Caesarea he summoned our saintly Rabbi. His son, R. Simeon, and the illustrious R. Hiyya accompanied him. R. Simeon noticed the handsome, distinguished-looking legionary, whose head reached the capitals of the columns, and he said to R. Hiyya: “See how fat the calves of Esau are.” Whereupon R. Hiyya took him to the marketplace and pointed out baskets of grapes and figs covered with flies, and said to him: “These flies and these legionaries are one and the same.” When R. Simeon returned to his father he told him: “This is what I said to R. Hiyya, and this is how he answered me.” “R. Hiyya,” he replied, “was only substantially correct in comparing the legionaries to the flies, for the legionaries are considered as nothing (before God), while the Holy One, blessed be He, used flies as His emissaries,” as it is said: And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall hiss for the fly that is in the uppermost parts of the river of Egypt (Isa. 7:18), and also: And I will send the hornet before thee (Exod. 23;28). Proof of this is that at the time when the Holy One, blessed be He, desired to fulfill the decree: Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger (Gen. 15:13), He selected as his emissary one from the smallest tribe. And so Joseph was sold into Egypt, and later Jacob and his sons went there to fulfill the decree. Therefore it is written: And Joseph was brought down into Egypt (Gen. 39:1).
וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: מַה גָּדְלוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ ה' מְאֹד עָמְקוּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶיךָ (תהלים צב, ו). אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחַאי, יֶשׁ לְךָ בְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁהֵן גְּדֵלוֹת בַּיָּם וְאֵינָן גְּדֵלוֹת בַּיַּבָּשָׁה, גְּדֵלוֹת בַּיַּבָּשָׁה וְאֵינָן גְּדֵלוֹת בַּיָּם. אִם יַעֲלוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁבַּיָּם לַיַּבָּשָׁה, אֵין לָהֶם חַיִּים. וְאִם יֵרְדוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁבַּיַּבָּשָׁה לַיָּם, אֵין לָהֶם חַיִּים. וְיוֹנָה יָרַד לַיָּם וְחָיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת יוֹנָה וַיְטִלֻהוּ אֶל הַיָּם (יונה א, טו). וְהַדָּג עָלָה לַיַּבָּשָׁה וְחָיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאמֶר ה' לַדָּג וַיָּקֵא אֶת יוֹנָה אֶל הַיַּבָּשָׁה. נִמְצָא, מְקוֹם מִיתָתוֹ שֶׁל זֶה חַיָּיו שֶׁל זֶה, וּמְקוֹם מִיתָתוֹ שֶׁל זֶה חַיָּיו שֶׁל זֶה. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מַה גָּדְלוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ ה'. And Joseph was brought down into Egypt. Scripture states elsewhere: How great are Thy works, O Lord! Thy thoughts are very deep (Ps. 92:6). R. Simeon the son of Yohai said: There are certain creatures that thrive in water but cannot thrive on land, while other creatures thrive on land but cannot thrive in water. If those creatures that dwell in the sea ascend onto dry land, they cannot survive, and if those that live on dry land descend into the sea, they cannot survive. Nevertheless Jonah descended into the sea and lived, as it is said: So they took up Jonah and cast him into the sea (Jonah 1:15). And the fish that swallowed him ascended to dry land and survived, as is said: And God spoke to the fish, and he threw up Jonah onto dry land (ibid. 2:11). Thus we learn that a place which results in death to one may give life to another, and a place which gives life to one may result in death to another. Hence Scripture states: How great are Thy words, O Lord! (Ps. 92:6).
יֶשׁ לְךָ בְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁהֵן גְּדֵלוֹת בָּאֲוִיר וְאֵין גְּדֵלוֹת בָּאוּר, יֵשׁ לְךָ בְּרִיּוֹת בָּאוּר וְאֵינָן גְּדֵלוֹת בָּאֲוִיר. אִם עוֹלוֹת שֶׁבָּאֲוִיר לָאוּר, אֵין לָהֶם חַיִּים. וְאוֹתָן שֶׁבָּאוּר אִם עוֹלוֹת לָאֲוִיר, אֵין לָהֶם חַיִּים. וַחֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה הָשְׁלְכוּ לְתוֹךְ הַכִּבְשָׁן וְעָלוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בֵּאדַיִן נָפְקִין שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ מִן גּוֹא נוּרָא (דניאל ג, כו). בְּרִיּוֹת הַגְּדֵלוֹת בָּאוּר וְאֵינָן גְּדֵלוֹת בָּאֲוִיר, וְאֵיזוֹ, זוֹ סַלָּמַנְדְּרָא. כֵּיצַד, הַזַּגָּגִין הָעוֹשִׂין אֶת הַזְּכוּכִית, כְּשֶׁהֵן מַסִּיקִין אֶת הַכִּבְשָׁן שִׁבְעָה יָמִים וְשִׁבְעָה לֵילוֹת רְצוּפִין, מִכֹּבֶד הָאוּר יוֹצֵא מִשָּׁם בְּרִיָּה הַדּוֹמָה לְעַכְבָּר (ס״א: לְעַכָּבִישׁ), וְהַבְּרִיּוֹת קוֹרִין אוֹתָהּ סַלָּמַנְדְּרָא. אָדָם סָךְ יָדוֹ מִדָּמָהּ אוֹ אֶחָד מֵאֵבָרָיו, אֵין הָאוּר שׁוֹלֶטֶת בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. לָמָּה, עַל שֶׁתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיאָתָהּ מִן הָאוּר. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה, תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים אֵין אוּר שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם שׁוֹלֶטֶת בָּהֶן, קַל וָחֹמֶר מִסַּלָּמַנְדְּרָא. וּמָה סַלָּמַנְדְּרָא עַל שֶׁתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיאָתָהּ מִן הָאוּר, הַסָּךְ מִדָּמָהּ אֵין הָאוּר שׁוֹלֶטֶת בּוֹ, תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שׁוֹמְרֵי תוֹרָה שֶׁהִיא דַּת אֵשׁ וְנִתְּנָה מִיַּד אֵשׁ אוֹכְלָה וְלוֹמְדֶיהָ בֵּית יַעֲקֹב אֵשׁ, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מַה גָּדְלוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ ה'. There are creatures that thrive in the air but do not thrive in fire, and conversely there are creatures that thrive in fire but do not thrive in the air. If one that lives in the air enters a fire, he cannot survive, and if one that lives in fire ascends into the air, he cannot survive. Yet Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were hurled into the fire and went forth unscathed, as it is said: Then Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego came forth (Dan. 3:26). The creature that thrives in fire but does not thrive in the air is the salamander. How do we know this? When glass blowers are about to fashion glass objects, they stoke their furnace for seven days and seven nights. When the fire becomes extremely hot, a creature similar to a lizard that is called a salamander comes out. If a man should smear his hand or any part of his body with its blood, fire will not affect that place, for the animal is created in fire. From this fact our sages taught that the fire of Gehenna does not affect the scholar, (deriving this) a fortiori from a salamander. For if the blood of a salamander, which is merely created in fire, can make a man’s body immune to fire, how much more so would the scholar, who observes the law, which is a fiery law, given by One who is a consuming fire, and of whose teacher (is said): The house of Jacob shall be a fire (Obad. 18), be immune from the fire of Gehenna. Hence it is said: How great are Thy works, O Lord! Thy thoughts are very deep (Ps. 92:6).
מַהוּ מְאֹד עָמְקוּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶיךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, מַחֲשָׁבָה עֲמֻקָּה נָטַלְתָּ עִם אַבְרָהָם בֵּין הַבְּתָרִים כְּשֶׁאָמַרְתָּ לוֹ יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהֶיה זַרְעֲךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ גֵרִים וְתוֹשָׁבִים בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם מִשְׁתַּעְבְּדִין אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, וְהָיוּ חַיָּבִין לֵירֵד מְכֻפָּתִין בְּקוֹלָרִין. וְלֹא עָשָׂה כָךְ, אֶלָּא חָשַׁב הֵיאַךְ לְהוֹרִידָן בְּכָבוֹד, וְהֵבִיא עֲלִילָה שֶׁיֶּאֱהַב יַעֲקֹב לְיוֹסֵף וְיִשְׂנְאוּהוּ אֶחָיו וְיִמְכְּרוּהוּ לַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִים וְיוֹרִידוּהוּ לְמִצְרַיִם וְיֵרֵד יַעֲקֹב וּבָנָיו בִּשְׁבִילוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה. What is meant by Thy thoughts are very deep? R. Yohanan said: This alludes to the deep thoughts You shared with Abraham (at the covenant) between the pieces (of the covenanat offering) when You said to him: Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger (Gen. 15:13). However, R. Judah the son of Shalum said: Deep thoughts indicates that though they were to become strangers and an alien people, dwellers in a land not their own, where they would be kept in bondage for four hundred years, and would be forced to descend from the prisoner’s block with bands about their neck, He did not do that. He contrived a way for them to descend in dignity. He accomplished this through subterfuge. He made Jacob love Joseph so much that his brothers hated him. As a consequence they sold him to the Ishmaelites, who brought him to Egypt. Then Jacob and his sons descended because of him, as it is said: And Joseph was brought down into Egypt.