וְאַתָּה תְּצַוֶּה וְגוֹ'. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: רֹאשֵׁךְ עָלַיִךְ כַּכַּרְמֶל (שה״ש ז, ו). הָרָשׁ שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁקוּל כְּאֵלִיָּהוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאֵלִיָּהוּ עָלָה אֶל רֹאשׁ הַכַּרְמֶל (מלכים א יח, מב). וְדַלַּת רֹאשֵׁךְ כָּאַרְגָּמָן (שה״ש ז, ו), הַדַּל שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁקוּל כְּדָנִיֵּאל, דִּכְתִיב בֵּהּ: וְהַלְבִּשׁוּ לְדָנִיֵּאל אַרְגְּוָנָא וְגוֹ' (דניאל ה, כא). מֶלֶךְ אָסוּר בָּרְהָטִים (שה״ש ז, ו). אָמַר לָהֶן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲנִי אָסוּר בִּשְׁבוּעָה עִמָּכֶם. בִּזְכוּת מָה? בִּזְכוּת שְׁתֵּי רִיצוֹת שֶׁרָץ אַבְרָהָם לְפָנַי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאֶל הַבָּקָר רָץ אַבְרָהָם (בראשית יח, ז), וַיַּרְא וַיָּרָץ לִקְרָאתָם מִפֶּתַח וְגוֹ' (בראשית יח, ב), הֱוֵי, מֶלֶךְ אָסוּר בָּרְהָטִים. And thou shalt command (Exod. 27:20). It is written elsewhere in Scripture: Thy head (roshekh) upon thee is like Carmel, and the hair (dalat) of thy head like the purple; and the king is held captive in the tresses thereof (Song 7:6). The poor (harash) within Israel are equal to Elijah. It is said of him: And Elijah went up to the top (rosh) of Carmel and put his face between his knees (I Kings 18:42). And the hair (dalat) of thy head like the purple signifies that the feeble ones (hadal) in Israel are equal to Daniel, for it is written concerning him: They clothed Daniel with purple (Dan. 5:29). The king is held captive (asur) in the tresses. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel: It is as if I am bound (asur) to you, as though it were possible, by an oath. Because of whose merit am I bound to you? Because of the two times in which Abraham ran before Me, as it is said: And Abraham ran unto the herd (Gen. 18:7), and He ran to meet them from the tent door (ibid., v. 1). Therefore, The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.5The King, God, was bound to fulfill His promise because Abraham ran to carry out mitzvot (divine commandments) as the law required.
כִּדְדָרַשׁ רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא, מֶלֶךְ אָסוּר בָּרְהָטִים, זֶה יַעֲקֹב, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ: בָּרְהָטִים בְּשִׁקֲתוֹת הַמָּיִם (בראשית ל, לח). מֶלֶךְ אָסוּר בָּרְהָטִים. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה: מֶלֶךְ עֲשִׂתִיךָ. מַה מֶּלֶךְ עַמּוֹ עוֹשִׂין גְּזֵרָתוֹ, אַף אַתָּה גּוֹזֵר עֲלֵיהֶן וְהֵם עוֹשִׂים. According to the explanation of R. Abba the son of Kahana, The king is held captive in the tresses applies to Jacob. It is written concerning him: And he set the rods which he had peeled over against the flocks in the gutters (barhatim) in the watering-troughs (ibid. 30:38). Hence The king is held captive in the tresses thereof. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: I will make you a king, and just as a king’s people fulfill his decrees, so when you decree they will fulfill it.
שֶׁמֶן זַיִת זָךְ כָּתִית לַמָּאוֹר. לָמָּה לֹא שֶׁמֶן אֱגוֹזִים וְלֹא שֶׁמֶן צְנוֹנוֹת וְלֹא שֶׁמֶן דָּגִים אוֹ שְׁאָר שְׁמָנִים אֶלָּא שֶׁמֶן שֶׁל זַיִת? לְפִי שֶׁהַזַּיִת סִימַן אוֹרָה לָעוֹלָם. וְיִקְחוּ אֵלֶיךָ, אַתְּ הֲוֵי נַעֲשֶׂה גִּזְבָּר עַל הַדָּבָר. שָׁנוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה זֵיתִים וּבָהֶן שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁמָנִים. הַזַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן מְגַרְגְּרוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַזַּיִת, כּוֹנְסוֹ לְבֵית הַבַּד, טוֹחֲנוֹ בָּרֵחַיִם וְנוֹתְנוֹ בַּכֵּלִים, טוֹעֲנוֹ בַּקּוֹרָה וְיוֹצֵא מֵהֶן רִאשׁוֹן. פּוֹרְקוֹ וְטוֹעֲנוֹ שְׁנִיָּה וְיוֹצֵא מֵהֶן שֵׁנִי. חָזַר טָחַן וְטָעַן, יוֹצֵא מֵהֶן שְׁלִישִׁי. רִאשׁוֹן לַמְּנוֹרָה, וְשֵׁנִי לַמְּנָחוֹת. Pure olive oil beaten for the light (Exod. 27:20). Why not oil derived from nuts or radishes or fish, or any other kind of oil? Why only olive oil? Because the olive oil is the symbol of light in the world. That they bring unto thee. You are appointed in charge of this matter. Our sages taught: There are three types of olives, and each one produces three grades of oil. The first type of olive is the one that is permitted to ripen at the very top of the olive tree. After they have ripened fully they bring them to the building that contains the tank and the machinery used for pressing the olives. They place them in the press and crush them with the beam. This causes the first grade of oil to flow. They remove the oil, and then crush them (the olives) a second time, expelling the second grade of oil. Finally, they grind the pulp until the third-grade oil flows out. The first-grade oil is used for the lamp, and the second for the meal offering.
הַזַּיִת הַשֵּׁנִי מְגַרְגְּרוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַגַּג וְכוֹנְסוֹ לְתוֹךְ בֵּית הַבַּד, טוֹחֲנוֹ בָּרֵחַיִם וְנוֹתְנוֹ בַּסַּלִּין, טוֹעֲנוֹ בַּקּוֹרָה, הַיּוֹצֵא מֵהֶן רִאשׁוֹן. פּוֹרְקוֹ וְטוֹעֲנוֹ שְׁנִיָּה, הַיּוֹצֵא מֵהֶן שֵׁנִי. חָזַר וְטָחַן וְטָעַן, הַיּוֹצֵא מֵהֶן שְׁלִישִׁי. הָרִאשׁוֹן לַמְּנוֹרָה וְהַשֵּׁנִי לַמְּנָחוֹת. The second variety of olives ripens at roof level. After these ripen they bring them to the building in which the olives are pressed. They place them in the vat and press them with the beam, forcing out the first grade oil. They remove the oil and press the pulp a second time, expelling the second-grade oil. Finally, they grind the pulp to squeeze out the third-grade oil. The first-grade oil is used for the lamp, and the second for the meal-offering.
הַזַּיִת הַשְּׁלִישִׁי, טוֹעֲנוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת עַד שֶׁיִּלְקֶה וּמַעֲלֵהוּ וּמְנַגְּבוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַגַּג וְכוֹתֵשׁ וְנוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ הַסַּל. זֶה רִאשׁוֹן. טָעַן בַּקּוֹרָה, זֶה שֵׁנִי. חָזַר וְטָעַן, זֶה שְׁלִישִׁי. הָרִאשׁוֹן לַמְּנוֹרָה, וְהַשְּׁאָר לַמְּנָחוֹת. הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁבָּרִאשׁוֹן, אֵין לְמַעְלָה מִמֶּנּוּ. הַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁבָּרִאשׁוֹן וְהָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁבַּשֵּׁנִי, שָׁוִין. הַשְּׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבָּרִאשׁוֹן וְהַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁבַּשֵּׁנִי וְהָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁבַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, שָׁוִין. הַשְּׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבַּשֵּׁנִי וְהַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁבַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, שָׁוִין. הַשְּׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, אֵין לְמַטָּה הֵימֶנּוּ. שֶׁמֶן זַיִת זָךְ כָּתִית לַמָּאוֹר. בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, אָדָם אִם יִהְיֶה לוֹ שֶׁמֶן רַע, הוּא מַדְלִיקוֹ בַּנֵּר, וְהַיָּפֶה נוֹתֵן בַּתַּבְשִׁיל. וּבְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ לֹא הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין כֵּן, אֶלָּא זָךְ כָּתִית לַמָּאוֹר, וְהַשֵּׁנִי לַמְּנָחוֹת. Finally, the third type of olives is taken to the building containing the machinery for crushing olives. After they have been beaten to a pulp, it is taken to the roof, where it is allowed to dry in the vat. Then it is crushed and the pulp is removed and placed in a basket. The oil that remains in the vat is the first-grade oil. The pulp is pressed again with a beam to force out the second-grade oil, and then it is crushed once more to produce the third-grade oil. The first-grade oil is used for the lamp, and the second for the meal offering. No oil is superior to the first-grade oil that comes from the first type of olives. The second-grade oil that comes from the highest-grade olives and the first-grade oil that flows from the second-grade olives are of equal quality. The third-grade oil from the first olives, the second-grade oil from the second olives, and the first from the third-grade olives are of equal quality. The third-grade oil from the second-grade olives and the second-grade oil from the third-grade olives are of equal quality. There is nothing poorer than the third-grade oil that is derived from the third-grade olives. Pure olive oil beaten for the light. Normally a man would utilize the inferior oil for lighting a lamp, and the good oil for his food. However, in the Tent of Meeting and in the Sanctuary, this was not done. The pure beaten oil was used for the light, and the inferior oil was utilized for the meal offerings.
אָמַר דָּוִד: כִּי אַתָּה תָּאִיר נֵרִי (תהלים יח, כט). אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּרַבִּי: תּוֹלֶדֶת הָאֵשׁ מִלְּמַעְלָן אֵין כֹּחַ בָּעַיִן לִרְאוֹתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְנֹגַהּ לָאֵשׁ וּמִן הָאֵשׁ יוֹצֵא בָרָק (יחזקאל א, יג), וּבָרָק אֵין כֹּחַ בָּעַיִן לִרְאוֹתוֹ, וְהוּא צָרִיךְ לְאוֹרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מַה שֶּׁיֵּשׁ בְּתוֹךְ עֵינֶיךָ, אֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל לִרְאוֹת. הָעַיִן הַזּוֹ לְבָנָה וְהַשָּׁחוֹר בָּאֶמְצַע, מֵהֵיכָן צָרִיךְ לִרְאוֹת? לֹא מִתּוֹךְ הַלֹּבֶן. וְאֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ הַשָּׁחוֹר. וְעַל אוֹר עֵינֶיךָ אֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד, וְאַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לַעֲמֹד עַל דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה? שֶׁלֹּא יַטְעֲךָ יִצְרְךָ לוֹמַר, שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לְאוֹרְךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין הַלֵּוִי בְּרַבִּי: אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּל מִי שֶׁמְּבַקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ חַלּוֹנוֹת, עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן רְחָבוֹת מִבִּפְנִים וְצָרוֹת מִבַּחוּץ, לָמָּה? שֶׁיְּהוּ שׁוֹאֲבוֹת הָאוֹר. אֲבָל חַלּוֹנוֹת שֶׁבַּמִּקְדָּשׁ לֹא הָיוּ כָּךְ, אֶלָּא רְחָבוֹת מִבַּחוּץ וְצָרוֹת מִבִּפְנִים. לָמָּה? שֶׁיְּהֵא הָאוֹר יוֹצֵא מִן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וּמֵאִיר לָעוֹלָם. וְהָאוֹר יוֹצֵא מִתּוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וּמֵאִיר לָעוֹלָם, וְהוּא צָרִיךְ לַנֵּרוֹת. אֶלָּא לְזַכּוֹתֵנוּ בַּנֵּרוֹת. אָמַר דָּוִד: אוֹר זָרֻעַ לַצַּדִּיק וּלְיִשְׁרֵי לֵב שִׂמְחָה (תהלים צז, יא). David declared: For Thou dost light my lamp (Ps. 18:29). R. Berechiah BeRabbi6A title of honor. said: No eye is able to look at the birth of fire Above, as it is said: And there was brightness to the fire, and out of the fire went forth lightning (Ezek. 1:13). And no eye is able to look at the lightning though it needs light. R. Johanan said: In your eyes there is a white part, through which you are not able to see, and a dark part in the middle of the eye, by means of which one does see. In other words, one sees out of the dark part of the eye and not out of the white part. You are unable to survive by means of the light part of your own eyes (through which you cannot see), yet you desire to survive by means of the light of the Holy One, blessed be He. Why is this so? Your first inclination might lead you to err and say: “He requires your light.” R. Abin the Levite BeRabbi:7See above, note 6. You find that when a man constructs windows, he builds them wide on the inside and narrow on the outside. Why? He does this so that the light may spread throughout the house. The windows in the Temple, however, were constructed wide on the outside and narrow within, so that the light of the Temple might spread forth to illumine the world. Therefore He demanded the lamps only for our sake. David said: Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the upright in heart (Ps. 97:11).