כִּי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ, וּבָא גּוֹאֲלוֹ. וּמִי הוּא גּוֹאֲלוֹ. אֲנִי הוּא גּוֹאֲלוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עֲשׁוּקִים בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְנֵי יְהוּדָה יַחְדָּו, גֹּאֲלָם חָזָק ה' צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ, רִיב יָרִיב אֶת רִיבָם (ירמיה נ, לג-לד). שִׁבְעָה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ לֶעָנִי, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, עָנִי, רָשׁ, תְּכָכִים, מִסְכֵּן, מָךְ, אֶבְיוֹן, דַּל. וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת יַצִּילֵם וְהֵמָּה יַמְרוּ בַּעֲצָתָם וַיָּמֹכּוּ בַּעֲוֹנָם (תהלים קו, מג). אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בִּימֵי שְׁפֹט הַשּׁוֹפְטִים, שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְהָיוּ מְשׁוּעְבָּדִין בְּיַד אוּ״ה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּעֲשׂוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי ה', וַיִּחַר אַף ה' בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּמְכְּרֵם בְּיַד כּוּשַׁן (שופטים ג, ז-ח). וּמֶה עָשׂוּ. וַיִּזְעֲקוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל ה' וַיָּקֶם ה' לָהֶם מוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת עָתְנִיאֵל בֶּן קְנַז. מִיָּד עָשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה וְנִגְאֲלוּ. כָּךְ פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּסִפוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲשׂוֹת הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי ה' וְגוֹ' (שם פסוק יב). מִיָּד עָשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה, וְהֶעֱמִיד לָהֶם גּוֹאֵל אֶת אֵהוּד בֶּן גֵּרָא בֶּן הַיְּמִינִי, וְנִגְאֲלוּ עַל יָדוֹ. וְעוֹד עָבְדוּ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְנִמְכְּרוּ לְסִיסְרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהוּא לָחַץ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּחָזְקָה עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה (שם ד, ג). מַהוּ בְּחָזְקָה. בְּחֵרוּפִין וּבְגִדּוּפִין, כְּמָה דְּאַתְּ אֲמַר: חָזְקוּ עָלַי דִּבְרֵיכֶם אָמַר ה' (מלאכי ג, יד). כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל תְּשׁוּבָה, הֶעֱמִיד לָהֶם גּוֹאֲלִים דְּבוֹרָה וּבָרָק, וְנִגְאֲלוּ עַל יְדֵיהֶם. הֱוֵי, פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת יַצִּילֵם וַיָּמֹכּוּ בַּעֲוֹנָם (תהלים קו, מג). מַהוּ וַיָּמֹכּוּ בַּעֲוֹנָם. שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ דַּלִּים בְּתוֹךְ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּדַּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְאֹד מִפְּנֵי מִדְיָן (שופטים ו, ו). מַהוּ וַיִּדַּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. רַבִּי יִצְחָק וְרַבִּי לֵוִי. חַד אָמַר, שֶׁהָיוּ דַּלִּים מִמַּעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. וְחַד אָמַר, שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לָהֶם אֲפִלּוּ מִנְחָה לְהָבִיא קָרְבָּן, כְּמוֹ דְּאָמְרִינַן, וְאִם דַּל הוּא וְאֵין יָדוֹ מַשֶּׂגֶת (ויקרא יד, כא). הֱוֵי, וַיָּמֹכּוּ בַּעֲוֹנָם, שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ דַּלִּים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת יַצִּילֵם. מְדַבֵּר בִּבְנֵי אָדָם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לוֹ צָרָה וְעוֹשֶׂה תְּשׁוּבָה, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַצִּילוֹ, כָּךְ פַּעַם רִאשׁוֹנָה וּשְׁנִיָּה. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵבִיא עָלָיו צָרָה. וּדְעוּ מַה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְנַסֶּה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָדַעַת אִם יַעֲשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה. תְּחִלָּה מֵבִיא פֻּרְעָנִיּוּת עַל הָאֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הִכְרַתִּי גוֹיִם נָשַׁמּוּ פִּנּוֹתָם וְגוֹ', אָמַרְתִּי אַךְ תִּירְאִי אוֹתִי תִּקְחִי מוּסָר (צפניה ג, ו-ז). חָזְרוּ, מוּטָב. וְאִם לָאו, מַפְסִיד מָמוֹנָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָכְלוּ זָרִים כֹּחוֹ וְגוֹ' (הושע ז, ט). אִם חָזַר, מוּטָב. וְאִם לָאו, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵבִיא רָעָה עַל אַחַת מֵעָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתְּלַהֲטֵהוּ מִסָּבִיב וְגוֹ' וַתִּבְעַר בּוֹ (ישעיה מב, כה). אִם יָשׁוּבוּ, מוּטָב. וְאִם לָאו, מַה כְּתִיב: בַּמִּדְבָּר הַזֶּה יִתַּמּוּ וְשָׁם יָמֻתוּ (במדבר יד, לה). וְאַל יֹאמַר אָדָם, לֹא לְמַעֲנִי תָּבֹא רָעָה. יִהְיֶה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁיָּמוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יָמוּתוּ כָּל חַטָּאֵי עַמִּי הָאֹמְרִים לֹא תַּגִּישׁ וְתַקְדִּים בַּעֲדֵינוּ הָרָעָה (עמוס ט, י). בֹּא וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִפְשֹׁט יָדָיו בִּבְרִיּוֹתָיו. וּמַהוּ עוֹשֶׂה לוֹ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא חוֹטֵא לוֹ, תְּחִלָּה פּוֹשֵׁט יָדָיו בִּנְכָסָיו. מִמִּי אַתְּ לָמֵד. מִנָּעֳמִי וּבָנֶיהָ וֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ בַּעֲלָהּ שֶׁהָיָה רֹאשׁ הַדּוֹר. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא הָרָעָב, מֶה עָשָׂה. הִנִּיחַ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁמָמָה וְהָלַךְ לוֹ לְאֶרֶץ מוֹאָב, וְהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קוֹצֵף עָלָיו, שֶׁהָיָה נְשִׂיאוֹ שֶׁל דּוֹרוֹ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֵלּוּ עָזְבוּ בָּנַי וְהִנִּיחוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ שְׁמָמָה. מַה כְּתִיב שָׁם, וַיָּמָת אֱלִימֶלֶךְ אִישׁ נָעֳמִי (רות א, ג). וְלֹא הָיָה לְבָנָיו לִלְמֹד מֵאֲבִיהֶם לַחֲזֹר לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמֶה עָשׂוּ. אַף הֵם נָשְׂאוּ לָהֶם נָשִׁים מוֹאָבִיּוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא הִטְבִּילוּ אוֹתָם וְלֹא גִּיְּרוּ אוֹתָן. שֵׁם הָאַחַת עָרְפָּה (שם פסוק ד), שֶׁהָפְכָה עֹרֶף לַחֲמוֹתָהּ. וְשֵׁם הַשֵּׁנִית רוּת (שם), שֶׁרָאֲתָה דִּבְרֵי חֲמוֹתָהּ. וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם כְּעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים (שם). כָּל עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים הַלָּלוּ הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַתְרֶה בָּהֶם, שֶׁמָּא יַחְזְרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה וְיָשׁוּבוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה, הִתְחִיל לִפְשֹׁט יָדוֹ בְּמִקְנֵיהֶם וּבִגְמַלֵּיהֶם. כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא הִרְגִּישׁוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה, מִיָּד, וַיָּמוּתוּ גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן (שם פסוק ה). הֱוֵי, קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִפְשֹׁט יָדוֹ בָּאָדָם הַזֶּה. וּמַה הוּא עוֹשֶׂה לוֹ. מַתְחִיל מִנְּכָסָיו מְדַלְדְּלוֹ, וְהוּא מוֹכֵר נְכָסָיו. אָדָם שֶׁהוּא חוֹטֵא, מַה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה. תְּחִלָּה מֵבִיא עָלָיו עֲנִיּוּת וּמוֹכֵר שָׂדֵהוּ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, חוֹזֵר וּמוֹכֵר אֶת בֵּיתוֹ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, מוֹכֵר אֶת עַצְמוֹ לְעֶבֶד. מִנַּיִן, שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב: וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, רְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב בְּפָרָשָׁה שְׁנִיָּה, וְאִישׁ כִּי יִמְכֹּר בֵּית מוֹשָׁב. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וְנִמְכַּר לְךָ. כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה. עַל שֶׁמָּךְ בַּעֲוֹנוֹת. וּבָא גּוֹאֲלוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, אֱלִימֶלֶךְ וְשַׂלְמוֹן וּפְלוֹנִי אַלְמוֹנִי וַאֲבִי נָעֳמִי, כֻּלָּם בְּנֵי נַחְשׁוֹן בֶּן עֲמִינָדָב. וֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ וּמַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן, פַּרְנְסֵי הַדּוֹר הָיוּ. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה נֶעֶנְשׁוּ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתֵּהוֹם כָּל הָעִיר עֲלֵיהֶם וְגוֹ'. וּמָה, הֲזֹאת נָעֳמִי. חֲזִיתֶם נָעֳמִי שֶׁיָּצָאת מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, מֶה עָלְתָה לָהּ. וּבָא גּוֹאֲלוֹ הַקָּרוֹב, זֶה בֹּעַז. אֵימָתַי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמָּכְרָה נָעֳמִי הַשָּׂדֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר לְאָחִינוּ וְגוֹ' (רות ד, ג). וּבָא גּוֹאֲלוֹ הַקָּרוֹב אֵלָיו זֶה בֹּעַז. שֶׁכָּךְ נָעֳמִי אוֹמֶרֶת לְכַלָּתָהּ, קָרוֹב לָנוּ הָאִישׁ (שם ב, כ). בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הָלְכָה לָהּ רוּת אֵצֶל בֹּעַז. אָמְרָה לָהּ חֲמוֹתָהּ, הִנֵּה הוּא זֹרֶה אֶת גֹּרֶן הַשְּׂעוֹרִים הַלַּיְלָה (שם ג, ב). וְהוּא הָיָה נָשִׂיא וְהָיָה זוֹרֶה אֶת הַשְּׂעוֹרִים בַּגֹּרֶן. אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה דּוֹרוֹ פָּרוּץ בְּגֶזֶל, וְהָיָה יוֹצֵא לְשָׁם לִשְׁמֹר גָּרְנוֹ. אָמְרָה לָהּ, וְרָחַצְתְּ וְסַכְתְּ וְשַׂמְתְּ שִׂמְלוֹתַיִךָ (שם פסוק ג). וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן, וְיָרַדְתְּ הַגֹּרֶן (שם). וְיָרַדְתִּי כְּתִיב. מַהוּ וְיָרַדְתִּי הַגֹּרֶן. שֶׁאָמְרָה לָהּ, זְכוּתִי תֵּרֵד עִמָּךְ. לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: וְיָרַדְתִּי הַגֹּרֶן. וְהִיא לֹא עָשְׂתָה כֵן כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרָה לָהּ חֲמוֹתָהּ. הִיא אָמְרָה לָהּ, וְרָחַצְתְּ וְסַכְתְּ וְשַׂמְתְּ שִׂמְלוֹתַיִךְ, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן, וְיָרַדְתְּ הַגֹּרֶן. וּמֶה עָשְׂתָה רוּת. לְאַחַר שֶׁיָּרְדָה לַגֹּרֶן, עָשְׂתָה כָּל מַה שֶּׁאָמְרָה לָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתֵּרֵד הַגֹּרֶן וַתַּעַשׂ כְּכָל אֲשֶׁר צִוְּתָה חֲמוֹתָהּ (שם פסוק ו). לָמָּה לֹא עָשְׂתָה כָּךְ. אָמְרָה רוּת כַּלָּתָהּ, הַדּוֹר פָּרוּץ בָּעֲרָיוֹת, שֶׁמָּא יִרְאוּ אוֹתִי מְקֻשֶּׁטֶת וְיֹאמְרוּ שֶׁמָּא זוֹנָה הִיא. לְפִיכָךְ, וַתֵּרֵד הַגֹּרֶן, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן, וַתַּעַשׂ כְּכָל אֲשֶׁר צִוְּתָה חֲמוֹתָהּ. וַיֹּאכַל בֹּעַז וַיֵּשְׁתְּ וַיִּיטַב לִבּוֹ (שם פסוק ז). מַהוּ וַיִּיטַב לִבּוֹ. שֶׁעָסַק בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי לֶקַח טוֹב וְגוֹ' (משלי ד, ב). וּכְתִיב: לְכוּ לַחֲמוּ בְּלַחֲמִי וְגוֹ' (שם ט, ה). וַיָּבֹא לִשְׁכַּב בִּקְצֵה הָעֲרֵמָה וַתָּבֹא בַלָּט (רות ג, ז). מַהוּ בַלָּט. כְּמוֹ דְּאָמַרְתְּ הִנֵּה הִיא לוּטָה בַשִּׂמְלָה (ש״א כא, י). וַתְּגַל מַרְגְּלֹתָיו וַתִּשְׁכָּב, וַיְהִי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה וַיֶּחֱרַד הָאִישׁ וַיִּלָּפֵת (רות ג, ז-ח). מַהוּ וַיִּלָּפֵת, כְּמוֹ דְּאָמַרְתְּ וַיִּלְפֹּת שִׁמְשׁוֹן אֶת שְׁנֵי עַמּוּדֵי וְגוֹ' (שופטים טז, כט). הִתְחִיל אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק לִצְעֹק. לִפַּפְתּוֹ, אָמַר לָהּ: מִי אַתְּ. וַתֹּאמַר אָנֹכִי רוּת אֲמָתֶךָ (רות ג, ט). אָמַר לָהּ: וּמַה בָּאת לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּאן. אָמְרָה לוֹ: לְקַיֵּם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ. אֶלָּא עֲמֹד וְקַיֵּם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לָהּ: הוֹאִיל וּבָאת לְקַיֵּם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, לִינִי הַלַּיְלָה וְהָיָה בַּבֹּקֶר אִם יִגְאֲלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאַל (שם פסוק יג). שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אָח גָּדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ וּשְׁמוֹ טוֹב. וְאִם לֹא יַחְפֹּץ לִגְאֲלֵךְ וּגְאַלְתִּיךְ אָנֹכִי חַי ה', שִׁכְבִי עַד הַבֹּקֶר (שם). אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אָמְרָה לוֹ: וְכִי בִּדְבָרִים אַתָּה מוֹצִיאֵנִי. אָמַר לָהּ: חַי ה' אֵינִי מוֹצִיאֵךְ בִּדְבָרִים. וּבֹעַז עָלָה הַשַּׁעַר וַיֵּשֵׁב שָׁם וְהִנֵּה הַגּוֹאֵל עוֹבֵר אֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר בֹּעַז (שם ד, א). אָמַר לוֹ: שֵׁב וְנַבִּיט בַּתּוֹרָה מַה כְּתִיב שָׁם. לֹא כָּךְ כְּתִיב: וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ. אָמַר בֹּעַז לְטוֹב, חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר לְאָחִינוּ לֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ מָכְרָה נָעֳמִי, וַאֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי אֲגַלֶּה אָזְנְךָ לֵאמֹר קְנֵה (שם פסוק ג-ד), שֶׁאַתָּה גָּדוֹל מִמֶּנִּי לִגְאֻלָּה. אִם תִּגְאַל גְּאַל (שם). וַיֹּאמֶר הַגּוֹאֵל אֶל בֹּעַז קְנֵה לְךָ (שם ד, ח). בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה, גָּאַל בֹּעַז מַה שֶּׁמָּכְרָה נָעֳמִי. וּמֵהֵיכָן לָמַד בֹּעַז. מִן הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת, וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר וְגוֹ', וְעוֹד מִי הָיָה זֶה. זֶה יִרְמְיָה. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הִנֵּה חֲנַמְאֵל בֶּן שַׁלֻּם דֹּדְךָ בָּא אֵלֶיךָ וְגוֹ' (ירמיה לב, ז). וַיָּבֹא אֵלַי חֲנַמְאֵל בֶּן דֹּדִי כִּדְבַר ה' אֶל חֲצַר הַמַּטָּרָה (שם פסוק ח). מִיָּד קִיֵּם יִרְמְיָה אֶת הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וָאֶקְנֶה אֶת הַשָּׂדֶה וְגוֹ' (שם פסוק ט). וּמֵהֵיכָן לָמַד. מִפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת, וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ. (Lev. 25:25:) ”When your relative becomes poor and sells some of his property, then his redeemer shall come.” Who is his redeemer? I am He, as stated (in Jer. 50:33-34), “The Children of Israel […] are oppressed […]. Their Redeemer is mighty, His name is the Lord of hosts […].” Seven names are given to the poor.14Cf. Lev. R. 34:6, which lists eight names. And they are the following: crushed (dakh), poor ('ani), lowly (makh), dispossessed (rash), oppressed (tekhakhim),15Cf. Lev. R. 34:6, followed by Yalqut Shim‘oni, Lev. 665, which reads dal (“impoverished”) here. wretched (misken), and pauper (evyon). [(Lev. 25:25:) “When your relative becomes poor.”] This text is related (to Ps. 106:43), “Many times He delivered them, but they rebelled; so they became poor through their iniquity.” You find that in the days that the Judges judged, Israel served idols; so they were enslaved in the hands of the peoples of the world, as stated (in Jud. 3:7-8), “Then the Children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord…. So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he delivered them into the hands of Cushan.” What did they do (according to vs. 9)? “The Children of Israel cried unto the Lord, and the Lord raised up a savior for the Children of Israel [to save them, i.e.,] Othniel ben Kenaz.” They immediately repented and were redeemed. So [it happened] another time, as stated (in Jud. 3:12), “Then the Children of Israel again did evil….” They immediately repented; so the Lord raised up a redeemer for them, Ehud ben Gera the Binyaminite; and they were redeemed at his hands. Then they served idols again and were sold into the hands of Sisera, as stated (in Jud. 4:3), “and he oppressed the Children of Israel with might twenty years.” What is the meaning of “with might?” With blasphemies and with curses, just as you say (in Mal. 3:13), “Your words have been mighty against me.” When they repented, He raised up Barak and Deborah as redeemers for them; and they were redeemed at their hands. Ergo (in Ps. 106:43), “Many times He delivered them…; so they became poor through their iniquity.” What is the meaning of “so they became poor through their iniquity?” That they became impoverished in the midst of the nations, as stated (in Jud. 6:6), “And Israel became very impoverished….” What is the meaning of “and Israel became impoverished?” R. Isaac and R. Levi differed. One said, “They were impoverished (rt.: dll) from good works”; and the other said, “They did not have [enough] to bring even a poor person's (rt.: dll) offering, as stated (in Lev. 14:21), ‘If, however, he is poor (rt.: dll) and does not have the means.’” Ergo (in Ps. 106:43), “so they became poor through their iniquity,” as they had become impoverished (rt.: dll). Another interpretation (of Ps. 106:43), “Many times He delivered them”: [These words] speak about people. When trouble comes to one [of them] and he repents, the Holy One, blessed be He, delivers him. So it is the first time and the second. [If he repents, that is preferable; but if not, the Holy One, blessed be He, brings trouble upon him. And you yourself know that the Holy One, blessed be He, tests Israel to know if they will repent. First, He brings punishments against the [other] nations, as stated (Zeph. 3:6-7) “I wiped out nations: Their corner towers are desolate… I thought that she would fear Me, would learn a lesson.” [If] they repented, that is preferable; but if not, He destroys their money, as stated (Hos 7:9), “Strangers have consumed his strength….” [If they] repented, that is preferable; but if not, the Holy One blessed be He, brings evil upon one of the cities of Israel, as stated (Is. 42:25), “it blazed upon them all about… it burned among them.” [If] they repented, that is preferable; but if not, what is written (in Numbers 14:35)? “In this desert they will end, and there will they die.” And a person should not say, “The evil is not coming on my account.” He should know that he [too] will die, as stated (Amos 9:10), “All the sinners of My people shall perish [by the sword], who boast, ‘Never shall the evil overtake us or come near us.’” Come and see how difficult it is for the Holy One, blessed be He, to raise His hand against a human being. So what does He do to him? When he sins, He begins by raising His hand against his assets. From whom have you learned it? From Naomi, her sons, and Elimelech her husband, who was the head of [his] generation. When famine came, what did he do? He left the Land of Israel and went to the Land of Moab. Now the Holy One, blessed be He, was angry with him because he was prince (nasi) of [his] generation. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “These have abandoned My children and left the Land of Israel a wilderness.” What is written there (in Ruth 1:3)? “Then Naomi's husband Elimelech died,” but his sons were unable to learn from their father to return to the Land of Israel. And what did they do? (According to vs. 4) They also “took Moabite wives for themselves,” whom they neither immersed nor converted.16Ruth R. 2:9. (Ibid., cont.:) “The name of the one was Orpah ('rph) and the name of the second was Ruth”: Orpah ('rph), because she turned her back ('rp) on her mother-in-law; Ruth, because she esteemed (r'th) the words of her mother-in-law. (ibid., cont.:) “And they lived there about ten years.” All those ten years (in Moab) the Holy One, blessed be He, had been warning them, that they might repent and return to the Land of Israel. When He saw that they did not repent, he began to raise His hand against their camels and against their cattle.17Lev. R. 17:4; Ruth R. 2:10; PRK 7:10; PR 17:6. When He saw that they did not repent (literally, return in repentance), immediately (in vs. 5), “Both of them, Mahlon and Chilion, also died.” Thus [you may infer] that it is difficult for the Holy One, blessed be He, to raise His hand against [a human being]. So what does He do to them? He deprives them of their assets, and they sell them. When someone sins, what does the Holy One, blessed be He, do to him first? He brings poverty upon him, so that he sells his field. If he repents, then fine; but if not he sells his house. If he repents, then fine; but if not he sells himself. How is this shown? So is it written (in Lev. 25:25), “When your relative becomes poor.” If he repents, then fine; but if not, see what is written in the second section; (in Lev. 25:29), “And when someone sells a dwelling house.” If he repents, then fine; but if not, (in Lev. 25:39), “When your relative becomes poor and he is sold to you.” Why all this? Because they became poor through [their] iniquities. (Lev. 25:25:) “Then his redeemer shall come.” R. Simeon ben Johay said, “Elimelech, Salmon, So-and-So,18Peloni Almoni. According to Ruth 4:1, this was the “name” of Ruth’s most closely related redeemer. and Naomi's father were all descendants of Nahshon ben Amminadab;19BB 91a. See Ruth 4:20–21; also Exod. 6:23, according to which Nahshon ben Amminadab was Aaron’s brother-in-law. and Elimelech, Mahlon, and Chilion were leaders20Rt.: PRNS. Cf. the Gk.: pronoos (“prudent”). of the generation.” So for what reason were they punished? Because they went abroad from the Land of Israel. Thus it is stated (in Ruth 1:19), “the whole city was excited over them, [and the women said, ‘Is this Naomi?’]” What is the meaning of, “Is this (Hazot) Naomi?” You saw (hazitem) Naomi when she went abroad from the Land of Israel. What has happened to her? (Lev. 25:25:) “Then his redeemer shall come, the one most closely related (qarov).” This is Boaz. When? When Naomi sold the field, as stated (in Ruth 4:3), “the parcel of land which belonged to our relative, [Elimelech].” (Lev. 25:25:) “Then his redeemer shall come, the one most closely related to him.” This is Boaz, since it is stated (in Ruth 2:20), “The man is our relative (qarov), [he is one of our redeeming kin (go'el)].” At that time Ruth went to Boaz. Her mother-in-law said to her (in Ruth 3:2), “see, he is winnowing barley on the threshing floor tonight.” [If] he was a prince (nasi), would he have been winnowing on a threshing floor? It is simply because his generation was dissolute in matters of theft, and [so] he went out to guard his threshing floor. She said to her (in vs. 3), “You are to wash and anoint yourself.” Then after that (ibid), “and go down to the threshing floor.” "And I shall go down" is the actual written text (ketiv)]. What is the meaning of "and I shall go down?" She said to her, “My merit will go down with you.” Hence it is written, "And I shall go down."21Ruth R. 5:12. But she did not do as her mother-in-law had told her. What did Ruth do? [Only] after she went down to the threshing floor, she did what she was told, as stated (in vs. 6), “She went down to the threshing floor and did just as her mother-in-law had commanded her.”22In other words, since she only obeyed Naomi after she had arrived at the threshing floor, she must have neglected to wash and anoint herself before then. Why? It is simply that she said, “The generation was dissolute in sexual matters. What if they see me made up and say, ‘Perhaps she is a harlot?’” Therefore, “She went down to the threshing floor and” afterwards “she did just as her mother-in-law had commanded her.” (Vs. 7:) Then, when Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry.” What is the meaning of “and his heart was merry?” That he was occupied with words of the Torah.23Ruth R. 5:15. Thus it is stated (Prov. 4:2), “As a good teaching…,” and it is [also] written (about wisdom in Prov. 9:5), “Come and eat of my bread.” (Ruth 3:7, cont.:) “And when he came to lie down beside the grain pile, then she came in secret.” What is the meaning of, “in secret (lt; rt.: lwt)?” [It is] just as you say (in I Sam. 21:10), “here it is wrapped (rt.: lwt) in a mantle.” (Ruth 3:8:) “Now it came to pass in the middle of the night that the man was startled. So he turned aside, [and here was a woman lying at his feet].” What is the meaning of, “turned aside (rt.: lpt)?” [It is] just as you say (in Jud. 16:29), “And Samson embraced (rt.: lpt) the two middle pillars.” That righteous man began to yell. [Fear] embraced him. (Ruth 3:9:) Then he said, “Who are you?” And she said, “I am your handmaid Ruth.” He said to her, “What have you come here to do?” She said to him, “To fulfill the Torah (in Lev. 25:25), ‘When your relative becomes poor [… then his redeemer shall come].’ Arise and fulfill the Torah.” He said to her, “Since you have come to fulfill the Torah, (Ruth 3:13:) ‘Spend the night; then it shall come to pass in the morning that, if he will redeem you, good (tov)’”; for he had a relative older than he, whose name was Tov. R. Hanina said, “She said to him, ‘And are you dismissing me with words?’” He said to her (ibid., cont.), “’As the Lord lives,’ I am not dismissing you with words.” (Ruth 4:1:) “Then Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold, the redeemer of whom Boaz had spoken was passing by.” He said to him, “Sit down, and we shall look into the Torah; what is written there? Is it not written (in Lev. 25:25), ‘When your relative becomes poor and sells some of his property, [then his redeemer shall come, the one most closely related to him, and redeem…]’” Boaz said to Tov (in Ruth 4:3–4), “’Naomi is selling the parcel of land which belonged to our relative Elimelech […]. And I thought I should disclose it to you, saying, ‘Buy it,’” since you are a senior redeemer than I [and have the right] to redeem it. [Hence] (as in vs. 4, cont.,) “If you will redeem it, redeem it.” (Vs. 6:) “Then the redeemer said, ‘Acquire it for yourself.’” At that time Boaz redeemed what Naomi had sold. Now from where did Boaz learn [what to do]? From this section (in Lev. 25:25), “When your relative becomes poor and sells [some of his property, then his redeemer shall come, the one most closely related to him, and redeem…].” And who else was [like] this? Jeremiah was [like] this. At the time that the Holy One, blessed be He, said (in Jeremiah 32:7), “Behold Hanamel the son of Shalum your uncle is coming to you…,” [Jeremiah said] (in Jeremiah 32:8), “And just as the Lord had said, my cousin Hanamel came to me in the prison compound.” Immediately, Jeremiah fulfilled this section [of the Torah], as stated (in Jeremiah 32:9), “And I bought the field.” Now from where did he learn [what to do]? From this section (in Lev. 25:25), “When your relative becomes poor and sells some of his property, [then his redeemer shall come, the one most closely related to him, and redeem…].”