וְכִי תִמְכְּרוּ מִמְכָּר לַעֲמִיתֶךָ. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: נִבְהָל לַהוֹן אִישׁ רַע עָיִן וְלֹא יֵדַע כִּי חֶסֶר יְבֹאֶנּוּ (משלי כח, כב). הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה מְדַבֵּר בְּהַרְבֵּה בְּנֵי אָדָם. נִבְהָל לַהוֹן אִישׁ רַע עָיִן, זֶהוּ קַיִן. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה נִבְהַלְתָּ לִירַשׁ אֶת הָעוֹלָם, חַיֶּיךָ. חֶסְרוֹן יֵשׁ לְךָ. הֱוֵי, וְלֹא יֵדַע כִּי חֶסֶר יְבֹאֶנּוּ. וּמֶה הָיָה לוֹ. שֶׁנִּטַּלְטֵל בָּעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: נָע וָנָד תִּהְיֶה בָּאָרֶץ (בראשית ד, יב). דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִבְהָל לַהוֹן אִישׁ רַע עָיִן, זֶה עֶפְרוֹן הַחִתִּי. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמֵּתָה שָׁרָה, הָלַךְ אַבְרָהָם אֵצֶל עֶפְרוֹן, שֶׁיִּמְכֹּר לוֹ אֶת הַמְּעָרָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ עֶפְרוֹן, תֵּן לִי אֶת דָּמֶיהָ. וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ, אֶרֶץ אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף בֵּינִי וּבֵינְךָ מַה הִיא (שם כג, טו). הִתְחִיל אַבְרָהָם צוֹבֵר אֶת הַכֶּסֶף לְעֶפְרוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּשְׁמַע אַבְרָהָם אֶל עֶפְרוֹן וַיִּשְׁקֹל אַבְרָהָם (שם פסוק טז). אָמַר בֶּן מָארָא, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא כָּל שְׁקָלִים שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה סְלָעִים הֵם חוּץ מֵאֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם קַנְטְרִין. אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת קַנְטְרִין צָבַר אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי עֶפְרוֹן. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה עֶפְרוֹן אֶת הַכֶּסֶף, נִבְהַל וְנֶחְפַּז וְאָמַר, בְּמִבְחַר קְבָרֵינוּ קְבֹר אֶת מֵתֶךָ (שם פסוק ו). אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, נִבְהַלְתָּ לְמָמוֹן. חַיֶּיךָ, חֶסְרוֹן יֵשׁ לְךָ בַּדָּבָר. וּמַהוּ חֶסְרוֹנוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַלֵּוִי בַּר שָׁלוֹם, כָּל עֶפְרוֹן שֶׁכָּתוּב כָּאן, עַד שֶׁלֹּא נָטַל אֶת הַכֶּסֶף מֵאַבְרָהָם, מָלֵא, וְזֶה חָסֵר, וַיִּשְׁקֹל אַבְרָהָם לְעֶפְרֹן (שם פסוק טז), חָסֵר וָי״ו כְּתִיב. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִבְהָל לַהוֹן אִישׁ רַע עָיִן, זֶה הַמַּלְוֶה מְעוֹתָיו בְּרִבִּית, שֶׁהוּא נִבְהָל לְהַעֲשִׁיר. וּמְאֵרָה נִתְּנָה בִּנְכָסָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְלֹא יֵדַע כִּי חֶסֶר יְבֹאֶנּוּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִבְהָל לַהוֹן אִישׁ רַע עָיִן, אֵלּוּ סוֹחֲרֵי שְׁבִיעִית, שֶׁמִּתְבַּהֲלִין לְהַעֲשִׁיר וְאֵין מְשַׁמְּרִין אֶת הַשְּׁבִיעִית, וּסְבוּרִין שֶׁהֵן מִתְעַשְּׁרִין. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, חַיֶּיךָ, חֶסְרוֹן יֵשׁ לְךָ בַּדָּבָר. כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַר אֶת הַשְּׁמִטָּה, הִתְחִילָה הַמְּאֵרָה נִכְנֶסֶת בְּמָמוֹנוֹ וְהוּא מוֹכֵר. מַה כָּתוּב לְמַעְלָה מִן הָעִנְיָן, וְשָׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ שַׁבָּת לַה'. וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן, וְכִי תִּמְכְּרוּ מִמְכָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר, כְּתִיב: שׁוֹקָיו עַמּוּדֵי שֵׁשׁ מְיֻסָּדִים עַל אַדְנֵי פָּז (שה״ש ה, טו), הָעַמּוּד הַזֶּה יֵשׁ לוֹ כּוֹתֶרֶת מִלְּמַעְלָן וּבָסִיס מִלְּמַטָּן. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר גּוּרְיָא, אֵין לְךָ פָּרָשָׁה בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ כּוֹתֶרֶת מִלְּמַעְלָן וּבָסִיס מִלְּמַטָּן. מַה כְּתִיב לְמַעְלָה, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל מֹשֶׁה בְּהַר סִינַי לֵאמֹר, דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי תָּבֹאוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ, וְשָׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ. וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן פָּרָשַׁת יוֹבֵל, וְסָפַרְתָּ לְךָ שֶׁבַע וְגוֹ'. אִם לֹא שָׁמַר שְׁמִטּוֹת וְיוֹבְלוֹת, אוֹ אִם לֹא שָׁמַר אַחַת מֵהֶם, סוֹף שֶׁאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ שֶׁיִּמְכֹּר אַרְצוֹ, וְכִי תִּמְכְּרוּ מִמְכָּר לַעֲמִיתֶךָ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לֹא יַחֲזֹר בּוֹ, סוֹף שֶׁהוּא מוֹכֵר אֶת שָׂדֵהוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, סוֹפוֹ לִמְכֹּר אֶת בֵּיתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאִישׁ כִּי יִמְכֹּר בֵּית מוֹשַׁב עִיר חוֹמָה. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, סוֹפוֹ שֶׁהוּא מְחַזֵּר וּמְסַבֵּב עַל הַפְּתָחִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָטָה יָדוֹ עִמָּךְ. חָזַר בּוֹ, יָפֶה. וְאִם לָאו, סוֹפוֹ שֶׁהוּא מוֹכֵר אֶת עַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ עִמָּךְ וְנִמְכַּר לָךְ. חָזַר בּוֹ, מוּטָב. וְאִם לָאו, סוֹף הוּא נִמְכָּר לַגּוֹיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְכִי תַשִּׂיג יַד גֵּר וְתוֹשָׁב עִמָּךְ. וְלֹא הוּא לְבַדּוֹ, אֶלָּא הוּא וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. שֶׁכֵּן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בִּימֵי יִרְמְיָה, בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁחִלְּלוּ אֶת הַשְּׁבִיעִית, נִמְכְּרוּ לְנָכְרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּעַל עֲלֵיהֶם מֶלֶךְ כַּשְׂדִּים וַיַּהֲרֹג בַּחוּרֵיהֶם בַּחֶרֶב בְּבֵית מִקְדָּשָׁם וְגוֹ' (דה״ב לו, יז), הֲרֵי עִנְיַן יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, רְאֵה הָאֵיךְ נִמְכָּרִין לְנָכְרִים בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁחִלְּלוּ אֶת הַשְּׁבִיעִית. אָמַר לְפָנָיו, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, לֹא כֵן אָמַרְתָּ, וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָטָה יָדוֹ עִמָּךְ. קַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁאָמַרְתָּ לָהֶם וְקָרָאתָ אוֹתָם אַחַי וְרֵעָי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: לְמַעַן אַחַי וְרֵעָי (תהלים קכב, ח). וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָטָה יָדוֹ עִמָּךְ. כְּשֶׁתָּמוּט יָדָם לִפְנֵי נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, כִּבְיָכוֹל שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: לְמַעְנְכֶם שָׁלַחְתִּי בָּבֶלָה (ישעיה מג, יד). וְהֶחְזַקְתָּ בּוֹ, תְּפֹשׂ עִמָּהֶן בַּדִּין שֶׁלֹּא יֹאבְדוּ. אֶלָּא מָה. גֵּר וְתוֹשָׁב וְחַי עִמָּךְ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן נַעֲשִׂין גֵּרִים וְתוֹשָׁבִים בְּבָבֶל, אִם לֹא תְּחַנֵּם, הֲרֵי הֵן אֲבוּדִין. וְחַי עִמָּךְ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בַּעֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם אֲנִי מוֹכֵר אֶת בֵּיתִי לַכַּשְׂדִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאִישׁ כִּי יִמְכֹּר בֵּית מוֹשָׁב, זֶה בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי בָחַר ה' בְּצִיּוֹן, אִוָּה לְמוֹשָׁב לוֹ (תהלים קלב, יג). וּמֶה הָיָה, וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת בֵּית ה' וְאֶת בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ (מ״ב כה, ט). עִיר חוֹמָה, זֶה עִירוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְנַתְּצוּ אֶת חוֹמַת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְגוֹ' וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית וְגוֹ' וְיִהְיוּ לוֹ וּלְבָנָיו לַעֲבָדִים (דה״ב לו, יט-כ). הוּא שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר, וְכִי תַּשִּׂיג יַד גֵּר וְתוֹשָׁב, יַד גֵּר, זֶה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. וְתוֹשָׁב, זֶה מַלְכוּת מַדַּי. וְנִמְכַּר לְגֵר תּוֹשָׁב, זוֹ מַלְכוּת יָוָן. אוֹ מִשְׁפָּחַת גֵּר, זוֹ מַלְכוּת אֱדֹם. אָמַר מֹשֶׁה, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, לָמָּה נִמְכְּרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַלְכֻיּוֹת הַלָּלוּ. אָמַר לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן מְחַלְּלִין אֶת הַשְּׁבִיעִית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית מִן הַחֶרֶב (שם), וְסִיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא, אָז תִּרְצֶה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ כָּל יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה שָׁבָתָה, לְמַלְּאוֹת שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה. לְפִיכָךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר לְמֹשֶׁה בְּסוֹף כָּל הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת הַלָּלוּ, רְצוֹנְךָ שֶׁלֹּא יִגְלוּ, הַזְהִירֵם עַל הַשְּׁמִטִּים וְעַל הַיּוֹבְלוֹת. הוּא שֶׁאָמַר בְּסוֹף הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת, אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ וּמִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ, אֲנִי ה' (ויקרא כו, ב). וּמַהוּ אֲנִי ה'. אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁעָתִיד לִתֵּן שָׂכָר טוֹב אִם יִשְׁמְרוּ אוֹתָן. וְאִם יְבַטְּלוּ אוֹתָן, אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁעָתִיד לִיפָּרַע מֵהֶם עַל יְדֵי הַמַּלְכֻיּוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר לָהֶן שֶׁיִּזְהֲרוּ עַל הַשְּׁבִיעִית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְשָׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ שַׁבָּת לַה', שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעֵן אוֹתָן הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת אַחֲרֵיהֶן. וְכִי תִּמְכְּרוּ מִמְכָּר לַעֲמִיתֶךָ אוֹ קָנֹה מִיַּד עֲמִיתֶךָ אַל תּוֹנוּ, שֶׁלֹּא תִּהְיוּ מוֹנִים זֶה אֶת זֶה. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁאַף אֲנִי מָכַרְתִּי הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם וְלֹא הוֹנֵיתִי אוֹתוֹ. חָזַר וְהִקְנָה אוֹתוֹ לִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: קוֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ (בראשית יד, יט). אֵימָתַי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשָּׁמַר אַבְרָהָם מִצְוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְּנָה הַתּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שְׁמָרָהּ אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרַאִי, אֲפִלּוּ עֵרוּבֵי תַּבְשִׁילִין שָׁמַר אַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם וְגוֹ' (שם כו, ה). מַהוּ עֵקֶב. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ, בֶּן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִנְיַן עק״ב, ע' שִׁבְעִים, ק' מֵאָה, ב' שָׁנִים, הֲרֵי מֵאָה וְשִׁבְעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם. וְכָל יָמָיו שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם, מֵאָה וְשִׁבְעִים וְחָמֵשׁ. צֵא מֵהֶם שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים שֶׁהָיָה קָטָן, הֱוֵי, בֶּן שָׁלֹש שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁחִבֵּב אַבְרָהָם אֶת הַמִּצְוֹת, הִתְחִיל מַקְנֶה אוֹתוֹ בָּעֶלְיוֹנִים וּבַתַּחְתּוֹנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן קוֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ (שם יד, יט). וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, כִּי אֶת כָּל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה רוֹאֶה לְךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה (שם יג, טו). אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ שֶׁלִּי הוּא, וּמָכַרְתִּי אוֹתוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם עַל שֶׁשָּׁמַר מִצְוֹתַי. וְאַתֶּם, בַּעֲוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם גְּרַמְתֶּם לִהְיוֹת דּוֹמֶה לְתוֹשָׁב שֶׁשָּׂכַר בַּיִת מִבְּעָלָיו. שֶׁכָּךְ יִרְמְיָה אָמַר, לָמָּה תִּהְיֶה כְּגֵר בָּאָרֶץ וּכְאֶזְרָח נָטָה לָלוּן (ירמיה יד, ח). וּכְשֶׁחֲטָאתֶם לְפָנַי, מָכַרְתִּי אֶתְכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: תִּמְכֹּר עַמְּךָ בְּלֹא הוֹן, וְלֹא רִבִּיתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם (תהלים מד, יג). לְפִיכָךְ אִם צָרִיךְ אָדָם לִמְכֹּר בַּיִת אוֹ שָׂדֶה אוֹ חֵפֶץ, לֹא תִּהְיוּ מוֹנִין אֵלּוּ אֶת אֵלּוּ. לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: אַל תּוֹנוּ אִישׁ אֶת אָחִיו. בְּמִסְפַּר שָׁנִים אַחַר הַיּוֹבֵל, לְפִי רֹב הַשָּׁנִים תַּרְבֶּה, וְלֹא תּוֹנוּ אִישׁ אֶת עֲמִיתוֹ, וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֶת חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת מִשְׁפָּטַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמָּכַרְתִּי אֶת עַמִּי וְקֵרַבְתִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים נְאֻם ה' כִּי אָנֹכִי בָּעַלְתִּי בָּכֶם (ירמיה ג, יד), וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, כִּי כֹה אָמַר ה', חִנָּם נִמְכַּרְתֶּם וְלֹא בְּכֶסֶף תִּגָּאֵלוּ (ישעיה נב, ג), כָּךְ אַתֶּם, לֹא תִּמְכְּרוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ לַחֲלוּטִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָאָרֶץ לֹא תִּמָּכֵר לִצְמִיתוּת. חֲבִיבָה עָלַי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁקִּדַּשְׁתִּי אוֹתָהּ מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם. תֵּדַע לְךָ, כְּשֶׁהָיְתָה אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְחַלֶּקֶת לַשְּׁבָטִים, לֹא הָיְתָה נַחֲלָה עוֹבֶרֶת מִשֵּׁבֶט לְשֵׁבֶט, אֶלָּא נַחֲלַת כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. תֵּדַע לְךָ וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה דִּינִין דָּנוּ בְּנוֹת צְלָפְחָד שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְעַבֵּר נַחֲלָתָן מִשֵּׁבֶט לְשֵׁבֶט אַחֵר, וְהוֹדָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדִבְרֵיהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כֵּן בְּנוֹת צְלָפְחָד דּוֹבְרוֹת (במדבר כז, ז), שֶׁלֹּא תִּסֹּב נַחֲלָה מִמַּטֶּה לְמַטֶּה אַחֵר. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נִמְצָא לוֹ גּוֹאֵל, יָפֶה, גּוֹאֲלָהּ. וְאִם לָאו, מִי שֶׁלְּקָחָהּ, שׁוֹהֶה לְפָנָיו עַד הַיּוֹבֵל וְיוֹצֵא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֵּצֵא מֵעִמְּךָ הוּא וּבָנָיו עִמּוֹ וְשָׁב אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּשֶׁתִּקְרַב שְׁנַת הַגְּאֻלָּה, אֲנִי גּוֹאֵל אֶתְכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי יוֹם נָקָם בְּלִבִּי וּשְׁנַת גְּאוּלַי בָּאָה (ישעיה סג, ד). (Lev. 25:14:) “When you sell property to your kinsman.” This text is related (to Prov. 28:22), “An evil-eyed person moves quickly after wealth, [and he does not know that loss will come to him].” This verse speaks about many people. “An evil-eyed person moves quickly after wealth.” This was Cain. The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “You moved quickly to inherit the world. By your life, you shall have a loss [in the matter].” Ergo (in Prov. 28:22), “and he does not know that loss will come to him.” And what happened to him? That he wandered about the world, as stated (in Gen. 4:12), “you shall become a ceaseless wanderer on the earth.” Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22), “An evil-eyed person moves quickly after wealth”: This was Ephron the Hittite.1See Tanh. (Buber), Exod. 6:5; and the parallels listed there; and Tanh. (Buber), Deut. 4:4. When Abraham's wife Sarah died, Abraham went to Ephron for him to sell him the cave. Ephron said to him, “Give me its price.” He said to him (in Gen. 23:15), “What is a piece of land worth four hundred shekels of silver between you and me?” Abraham began piling up the silver for Ephron, as stated (in Gen. 23:16), “So Abraham heeded Ephron, and Abraham weighed out […].” Ben Ma'ma said, “Although R. Hanina has said, ‘All the shekels in the Torah are sela'im,’ these [shekels] are an exception, since they are centenaria.2The word is Latin. One centenarium was worth 100,000 sesterces. According to a fourth-century inscription of northern Africa, a centenarium was a hundred pieces (e.g., of gold). See A. Souter, A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1957). [So it was] four hundred centenaria [that] Abraham piled up before Ephron.” When Ephron saw the silver, he moved quickly and hastily, as stated (in Gen. 23:6), “bury your dead in the choicest of our tombs.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “You have moved quickly after money. By your life, you shall have a loss in the matter.” And what was his loss? R. Judah bar Shallum the Levite said, “Every [mention of] Ephron which is written here [in Scripture], before he took the silver from Abraham, is written plene as 'prwn (i.e., with the vowel o represented by the Hebrew consonant w); but this [usage] (in Gen. 23:16) is deficient (hsr), ‘and Abraham weighed out the silver for Ephron ('prn). It is written with the w missing (hsr).” Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22), “An evil-eyed person moves quickly after wealth”: This is the one who lends at interest, because he is anxious to become wealthy. He lends in order to receive interest from the borrower and becomes wealthy from the interest. But a curse is given through his riches, as stated (ibid., cont.), “and he does not know that loss will come to him.” Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22), “An evil-eyed person moves quickly after wealth”: This represents those who engage in business in the sabbatical year, in that they move quickly to become rich. They do not observe the sabbatical year, and think they will become rich. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to them, “By your life, you shall have a loss in the matter.” Since he did not observe the sabbatical year, the curse began entering into his money, and he sells [all that he had]. What is written above the matter (in Lev. 25:2), “the land shall observe a Sabbath for the Lord.” And after that it is written (in vs. 14), “When you sell property.” R. Eleazar Haqappar said, “It is written (in Cant. 5:15), ‘His legs are pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.’ This column has a capital above and a pedestal3Gk.: basis. below.”4See Lev. R. 25:8. R. Samuel ben Guriah said, “You have no section in the Torah which does not have a capital above and a pedestal below.5The parallel in Lev. R. 25:8 explains that each section can be expounded with reference to what precedes and follows it. What is written above of the matter (in Lev. 25:1-2)? ‘Then the Lord spoke unto Moses on Mount Sinai, saying, “Speak unto the Children of Israel [….] ‘the land shall observe [a Sabbath for the Lord].’”’ Then after that [comes] the section on the jubilee (in vs. 8), ‘And you shall count seven [Sabbaths of years].’ If one has not observed the sabbatical year and the jubilee, or [even] one of them, in the end, I will make it that he will sell his land, [as stated] (in vs. 14), ‘When you sell property to your kinsman.’6T’Arakh. 5:9; below, 9:8. [If] he repents, [all] is well; but if not, he will end up selling his field, as stated (in vs. 25), ‘When your relative becomes poor and sells some of his property.’ [If] he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up selling his house, as stated (in vs. 29), ‘And when someone sells a dwelling house.’ [If] he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up going around [begging] at doorways, as stated (in vs. 35), ‘And when your relative becomes poor [… you shall maintain him as a foreigner and sojourner and let him live near you].’ [If] he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up being sold to you, as stated (in vs. 39), ‘And when your relative becomes poor] near you and is sold to you.’ [If] he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up being sold to the gentiles, as stated (in vs. 47), ‘And when a foreigner and a sojourner near you becomes wealthy, [while your relative near him becomes poor and is sold to a sojourning foreigner near you….].’ Now it is not merely the individual himself [at issue here], but that person and all Israel; for so you find in the days of Jeremiah, because they profaned the sabbatical year, they were sold to the gentiles, as stated (in II Chron. 36:17-18), ‘So He brought up the king of the Chaldeans upon them [….] And all the vessels of the house of God […] and the treasures of the house of the Lord […].’ Behold the case of [all] Israel.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “See how they will be sold to the gentiles because they profaned the sabbatical year.” He said to him, “Master of the world, did You not say this (in Lev. 25:35), ‘And when your relative becomes poor, and his strength fails near you, [you shall maintain him as a foreigner and sojourner and let him live near you]?’ Fulfill what You said to them and called them, ‘My relatives (ah) and friends,’ as stated (in Ps. 122:8), ‘For the sake of My relatives (ah) and friends’: (Lev. 25:35:) ‘And when your relative becomes poor, and his strength fails near you,’ [i.e.,] when their strength fails before Nebuchadnezzar, the Divine Presence, as it were, will be with them. It is so stated (in Is. 43:14), ‘for your sake I have sent to Babylon.’ (Lev. 25:35, cont.:) ‘You shall maintain (literally, hold on to) him.’ Hold them (i.e., Israel), lest they perish. But how? (Lev. 25:35, cont.:) ‘As a foreigner and sojourner and let him live near you.’ Although they became foreigners and sojourners in Babylon, if You do not give them grace, they will perish, [so just] ‘let him live near You.’” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “Because of their sins I have sold My house to the Chaldeans.” It is so stated (in Lev. 25:29), “And when someone sells a dwelling house.” This is the house of the Holy One, blessed be He, as stated (in Ps. 132:13), “For the Lord has chosen Zion; he has desired it for His dwelling.” And what happened [to it]? (II Kings 25:9 = Jer. 52:13:) And he burned the house of the Lord [...].” (Lev. 25:29, cont.:) “A walled city.” This is the city of the Holy One, blessed be He, as stated] (in II Chron. 36:19), “and they broke down the wall of Jerusalem […].” That is what the Holy One, blessed be He, says (in Lev. 25:47), “And when a foreigner and a sojourner [near you] becomes wealthy.” This wealthy foreigner is Nebuchadnezzar, and this sojourner is the Median Empire. (Ibid., cont.:) “And is sold to a sojourning foreigner.” This [sojourning foreigner] is the Greek Empire. (Ibid., cont.:) “Or to a foreigner's family.” This is the Edomite Empire (i.e., Rome). Moses said to the Holy One, blessed be He, “Master of the world, why were they sold to these empires?” He said to him, “Because they profaned the sabbatical year.” It is so stated (in II Chron. 36:20–21), “Then he carried off unto Babylon those left from the sword,” and the end of the Scripture is “[until the land made up] its Sabbaths; as long as it lay desolate, it observed Sabbath, to fulfill seventy years.” Therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses at the end of all of these sections, “Is it your wish that they do not go into exile? [Then] warn them concerning the sabbatical years and the jubilees.” That is what He has said at the end of all the sections (in Lev. 26:2), “You shall observe My Sabbaths and reverence My sanctuary. I am the Lord.” What is the meaning of “I am the Lord?” I am the one who is going to give you a good reward, if you observe them; but if not, I am going to exact retribution from them through the Empires. Therefore, say to them to be careful about the sabbatical year. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 25:2), “the land shall observe a Sabbath for the Lord,” so that they do not attain [the punishments in] those sections written below (in Lev. 26:14-45). (Lev. 25:14:) “When you sell property to your kinsman or buy from your neighbor's hand, do not deceive.” [Thus] you shall not deceive one another. The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “For I also sold the whole world to Abraham and did not deceive him. He [then went back and sold it to Me,” as stated (Genesis 14:19), “the Buyer7Qoneh. A more traditional rendering of this word here would be MAKER. of heaven and earth.” When? When Abraham observed the commandments of the Holy One, blessed be He. Before the Torah was given to Israel, our father Abraham kept it [and observed all the commandments that are in the Torah]. R. Samuel bar Nahman said in the name of R. Alexandra, “Abraham even observed the [rabbinic precept of] eruvim of cooked foods.”8See Tanh. (Buber), Gen. 3:1, and the notes there. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 26:5), “Because ('qb 'shr) Abraham heeded [My voice and kept My charge: My commandments, My statutes, and My Torahs].” What is the meaning of 'qb?9Gen. R. 95:3; Cant. R. 5:16:1; PR 21:12; cf. Ned. 32a. R. Simeon ben Laqish said, “At the age of three years Abraham recognized the Holy One, blessed be He.”10So also Numb. R. 18:21. According to other traditions Abraham recognized his creator at the age of forty-eight (Gen. R. 30:8; 46:2; Cant. R. 5:16:1), at the age of fifty (PR 21:12), or at the age of one (Gen. R. 95:3). How is this shown? 'Qb is a number. (I.e., 'ayin) is seventy, q (i.e., qof) is one hundred, [and] b (i.e., bet) is two, for a total of one hundred seventy-two. Now (according to Gen. 25:7) Abraham lived one hundred seventy-five [years]. Deduct from them. [The result is] three, when he was little. Ergo, at the age of three years Abraham recognized the Holy One, blessed be He. When the Holy One, blessed be He, saw how Abraham loved the commandments, He began buying heavenly and earthly [places] for him, as stated (in Gen. 14:19), “Blessed be Abram of God most high, Buyer of heaven and earth.” So also it says (Gen. 13:15), “For all the land (or earth) which you see, to you I will give it.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “All the world is wholly Mine; and I bought it for Abraham, because he has observed My commandments. But you, through your sins, have caused him to be [like] an alien who rents a house from its owners, for so Jeremiah has said (in Jer. 14:8), ‘why are you like a foreigner in the land […]?’ When you sinned before Me, I sold you, as stated (in Ps. 44:13), ‘You shall sell Your people for no money […].’ For that reason, if someone has to sell a house, a field, or [some] article, you shall not deceive one another.” It is therefore written (in Lev. 25:14), “shall not deceive his brother.” (Lev. 25:15-18:) “According to the years after the jubilee […]. According to the multitude of years, you shall increase […]. A man shall not deceive his brother […]. So you shall carry out my statutes and judgements.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel, “Just as I sold my people and returned again to reinstate them, as stated (Jer. 3:14), ‘”Turn back, faithless children,” says the Lord; “for I am a master to you.”’ It is also written (in Is. 52:3), ‘For thus says the Lord, “You were sold for free, and you shall be redeemed for no money.”’ So too you should not sell the land absolutely, as stated (in Lev. 25:23), ‘[it] shall not be sold permanently.’ The Land [of Israel] is dear to me because I have made it holier than all the [other] lands in the world.” You yourself know, when the Land of Israel was distributed to the tribes, it did not pass from tribe to tribe. Rather [it was distributed] to each tribe separately. You yourself know. Look at how many lawsuits the daughters of Zelophehad brought, so that their inheritance would not pass from one tribe to another. Moreover the Holy One, blessed be He, conceded to their words, as stated (in Numb. 27:7), “The daughters of Zelophehad speak what is right.” (Numb. 36:9:) “Thus no inheritance shall be transferred from one tribe to another.” Therefore, if a redeemer is found for it, fine; but if not, whoever buys it acquires it until the jubilee. Then on the jubilee he releases it. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 25:41), “Then he shall depart from you, he and his children with him and he shall return to his family.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel, “When the year of the redemption draws near, I will redeem you, as stated (in Is. 63:4), ‘For a day of vengeance was in My heart, but there came My year of redemption.’”