אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: יִמְאָסֵם אֱלֹהַי כִּי לֹא שָׁמְעוּ לוֹ וְגוֹ' (הושע ט, יז). אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי, שֶׁתִּהְיוּ נְטוּעִים בְּשַׁלְוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּנְטַעְתִּים עַל אַדְמָתָם וְגוֹ' (עמוס ט, טו). אֵימָתַי, אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ, וַאֲכַלְתֶּם לַחְמְכֶם לַשּׂבַע. אַתֶּם לֹא עֲשִׂיתֶם כֵּן, אֶלָּא וַיְחַפְּאוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא כֵן עַל ה' (מ״ב יז, ט). אַתֶּם נְתַתֶּם עָלַי אֲשֶׁר לֹא כֵן, וְאַף אֲנִי נָתַתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר לֹא כָּתוּב בְּתוֹרָתִי, גַּם כָּל חֹלִי וְכָל מַכָּה אֲשֶׁר לֹא כָתוּב (דברים כח, סא). וּמַה הֵם דְּבָרִים שֶׁלֹּא כֵן נְתַתֶּם עָלַי. שֶׁכֵּן יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר, עָזְבוּ אֶת ה' נִאֲצוּ אֶת קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל (ישעיה א, ד). אַל תֹּאמַר עָזְבוּ, אֶלָּא עֻזְּבוּ אִתִּי, כִּבְיָכוֹל. לָמָּה, אֶלָּא אֲנִי נִקְרֵאתִי, ה', ה' אֵל רַחוּם וְחָנוּן (שמות לד, ו). וּמִפְּנֵי עֲוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם, עֲשִׂיתֶם אוֹתִי לָאַכְזָרִי, וַהֲפַכְתֶּם מִדַּת רַחְמָנוּתִי לְאַכְזְרִיּוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הָיָה ה' כְּאוֹיֵב בִּלַּע יִשְׂרָאֵל (איכה ב, ה). וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, וְהֵמָּה מָרוּ וְעִצְּבוּ אֶת רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ, וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לָהֶם לְאוֹיֵב, הוּא נִלְחַם בָּם (ישעיה סג, י). לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר הוֹשֵׁעַ, מִי גָּרַם לָכֶם כָּל כָּךְ. עַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא שְׁמַעְתֶּם, יִמְאָסֵם אֱלֹהַי כִּי לֹא שָׁמְעוּ לוֹ (הושע ט, יז). וּכְתִיב: וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ (דברים כח, סה). דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ, וְנָתַתִּי גִּשְׁמֵיכֶם בְּעִתָּם. וְאִם לֹא תִּשְׁמְעוּ, וְנָתַתִּי אֶת שְׁמֵיכֶם כַּבַּרְזֶל. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, עַל כֵּן עֲלֵיכֶם כָּלְאוּ שָׁמַיִם מִטָּל, וְהָאָרֶץ כָּלְאָה יְבוּלָהּ (חגי א, י), שֶׁבִּשְׁבִיל עֲוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם אַף הָאֻמּוֹת לוֹקִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, אִלּוּ הָיוּ יוֹדְעִין הָאֻמּוֹת שֶׁבִּשְׁבִיל עֲוֹנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם לוֹקִין, הָיוּ מַעֲמִידִין לָהֶם שְׁנֵי אִיסְטְרַטְיוֹטִין לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁמְרוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה וְשֶׁלֹּא יֶחְטְאוּ. וְלֹא דַּיָּן שֶׁאֵין הָאֻמּוֹת מְשַׁמְּרִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֶלָּא עוֹד הֵן מְבַטְּלִין אוֹתָן מִן הַמִּצְוֹת. שֶׁאִם יֶחְטְאוּ, כָּל הָעוֹלָם לוֹקֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עַל כֵּן עֲלֵיכֶם כָּלְאוּ שָׁמַיִם מִטָּל. וְאִם אֵינָם חוֹטְאִין, כָּל הָעוֹלָם מִתְבָּרֵךְ בִּשְׁבִילָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְּזַרְעֲךָ כָּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ (בראשית כו, ד). וְאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, אַתֶּם רְאִיתֶם כִּי מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם דִּבַּרְתִּי עִמָּכֶם, לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי זָהָב (שמות כ, יט-כ). שֶׁאִם תֶּחְטְאוּ, אֵינִי עוֹנֶה אֶתְכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְהִי כַאֲשֶׁר קָרָא וְלֹא שָׁמֵעוּ, כֵּן יִקְרְאוּ וְלֹא אֶשְׁמָע (זכריה ז, יג). לְכָךְ, לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף (שמות כ, כ). (Lev. 26:3:) “If you walk in My statutes….” This text is related (to Hos. 9:17), “My God will reject them because they did not heed Him….” The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “I have said that you would be set in security, as stated (in Amos 9:15), ‘And when I plant them in their land, [they shall never again be uprooted]….’ When? (Lev.: 26:3, 5:) ‘If you walk in My statutes […] You shall eat your fill of bread.’ But you did not so act.” Instead (according to II Kings 17:9), “The Children of Israel attributed things which were not right to the Lord.” [So] I have also set upon you things which I did not write in My Torah. [It is so stated] (in Deut. 28:61), “Moreover [the Lord will bring upon you] every disease and every plague which is not written [in this book of the Torah].” Now what were the “things they attributed, which were not right to the Lord?” As Isaiah said (in Is. 1:4), “They have forsaken the Lord […];” do not say, “They have forsaken ('zbw) [Me],” but “They,” as it were, “have made me worth forsaking ('yzbw) (i.e., caused me to be cruel).” Now I was called (in Exod. 34:6), “The Lord, the Lord, a merciful and gracious God.” But through their sins, they have made Me cruel and changed My trait of mercy to cruelty, as stated (in Lam. 2:5), “The Lord has become like an enemy, He swallowed Israel.” It also says (in Is. 63:10), “But they rebelled, and grieved His holy spirit; then He became their enemy, and Himself made war against them.” Therefore, Hosea said, “Who has brought this about for you? [It was] because you did not heed Him, (in Hos. 9:17), ‘My God will reject them because they did not heed Him.’” It is also written (in Deut. 28:65), “And among those nations you shall find no peace. Another interpretation (of Lev. 26:3, 4, 14, 19) “If you walk in My statutes…, then I will give you your rains in their season…. But if you do not heed Me…. I will make your heavens like iron”: It also says so (in Hag. 1:10), “For that reason the heavens over you have withheld dew, and the earth has withheld its produce.” Because of your sins, the nations are also afflicted. R. Joshua ben Levi said, “If the nations had known that they are afflicted because of the sins of Israel, they would have raised two armies2Gk.: stratiai. to guard each and every person of Israel in order that they keep the Torah and not sin. However, it was not enough for the nations that they were not watching over Israel, but in addition they stopped them from [fulfilling] the commandments.” As when Israel sins, all the whole world is afflicted, as stated (in Hag. 1:10), “For that reason the heavens over you have withheld dew.” But if [the Israelites] do not sin, all the world is blessed on their account, as stated (in Gen. 26:4), “and through your seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses (in Exod. 20:19-20), “You yourselves have seen that I spoke with you from the heavens. Along with Me you shall not make gods of silver, nor shall you make for yourselves gods of gold.” So if you sin [and pray to me], I will not answer you, as stated (in Zech. 7:13), “And it came to pass that, as He called, and they did not heed; ‘So let them call, and I will not heed,’ [says the Lord of hosts].” Therefore (according to Exod. 20:20), “Along with Me you shall not make gods of silver.”