משנה: עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם אֶת שָׂדֵהוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁלֹשׁ אַשְׁפָּתוֹת לְבֵית סְאָה יוֹתֵר מִיכֵּן אָסוּר דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיק שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹֹשָׁה. עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם אֶת זְבָלוֹ אוֹצָר רִבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיק שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹשָׁה. הָיָה לוֹ דָבָר מוּעָט מוֹסִיף עָלָיו וְהוֹלֵךְ רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹסֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיקוֹ אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן עַל הַסֶּלַע. MISHNAH: A person may fill his entire field with dungheaps, three each per bet seah; more is forbidden²⁰The manuscript tradition here is thoroughly unsatisfactory. The text is that of the Leyden ms. In the Rome ms., some Mishnah mss., and the standard printed Mishnah the text reads יתר מכן מחציב דברי ר׳ שמעון “more than that he chisels, the words of R. Simeon”; that text makes no sense at all. Most Mishnah mss. read simply יתר מכן דברי ר׳ שמעון; one Genizah fragment reads ויתיר, which seems to be the reading underlying the Yerushalmi Halakhah and the commentaries of Maimonides, R. Simson of Sens and R. Isaac Simponti: “even more, the words of R. Simeon.” This is the only text compatible with the opinion of R. Simeon as given in the Tosephta (Note 16)., the words of Rebbi Simeon. But the Sages say²¹In all Mishnah mss. except the Leyden ms. (and that of R. S. Cirillo), the reading is אוסרין “(the Sages) forbid it.” This is also the Leyden text in the Halakhah., only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths]²²One may not put more than three dungheaps on one field, even one much larger than a bet seah, unless it is shown that the intent is for dungheaps, not for a fraudulent fertilizing of the field by making as many dungheaps as possible that automatically will fertilize the soil beneath. The dungheaps are only permitted if the soil beneath them is visibly higher or lower than the surrounding field.. A person may store his entire manure together²²One may not put more than three dungheaps on one field, even one much larger than a bet seah, unless it is shown that the intent is for dungheaps, not for a fraudulent fertilizing of the field by making as many dungheaps as possible that automatically will fertilize the soil beneath. The dungheaps are only permitted if the soil beneath them is visibly higher or lower than the surrounding field.; Rebbi Meïr says only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths]. If he had little¹⁸This refers to the next Mishnah where it is stated that one may gradually build up one’s dungheap after the agricultural season. Even though the Mishnah speaks of “a little”, it may be as much as a full single basket at one time and still people will not think that he is going to fertilize his field in the Sabbatical year., he may continuously add to it; Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah says only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths] or puts it on a rock.

הלכה: וְלָמָּה תַנִּיתָהּ תְּרֵיין זִימְנִין. אָמַר רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה כָּאן בְּפּוֹחֵת מִן הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת. בְּרַם הָכָא בְּעוֹשֶׂה בִּכְשִׁיעוּר. וְתַנֵּי כֵן עַל דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִפְחוֹת לְאַישְׁפָּה מִשָּׁלֹשׁ מַשְׁפֵּלוֹת. HALAKHAH: Why is this stated twice²³Since R. Jeremiah inferred from the preceding Mishnah that the Sages will not permit more than three dungheaps, why does this have to be stated here explicitly? The answer is that the Sages will not permit any dungheap of less than 150 seah; the Mishnah is needed to give the background of R. Simeon’s statement.? Rebbi Jeremiah said, there if he used fewer boxes, but here if he makes it according to the measure. We have stated thus about Rebbi Simeon: “On condition that he use no less than three boxes per dungheap.²⁴Even R. Simeon will not permit any dungheap to contain less than 45 seah.”

וַחֲכָמִים אוֹסְרִין בְּעוֹשֶׂה יוֹתֵר מִכְּשִׁיעוּר. אֲבָל בִּכְשִׁיעוּר בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת מוּתָּר בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד לֹא כָּל־שֶׁכֵּן. “But the Sages forbid.²⁵Quote from the correct Mishnah, cf. Sheviit 3:2:1" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit.3.2.1">Note 21. The Sages will permit 450 seah of manure directly on one field (of at least one bet seah surface area) in one, two, or three places.” When he brings more than the measure. But if the full measure is permitted in three places, so much more in one place.

פָּתַר לָהּ תְּרֵין פְּתָרִין. בְּשֶׁהָיָה לֹו דָבָר מוּעָט בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ בִשְׁבִיעִית הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹסִיף עָלָיו וְהוֹלֵךְ. מִשֶּׁפָּֽסְקוּ עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹסֵר. מַה טַעְמָא דְרִבִּי לָֽעֶזֶר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה. שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמָּצֵא לוֹ זֶבֶל וְנִמְצָא מֲזַבֵּל אֶת אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. פָּתַר לָהּ פָּתָר חוֹרָן בְּשֶׁהָיָה לוֹ דָבָר מוּעָט בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ עֶרֶב שְׁבִיעִית וְהוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ לְתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ בִשְׁבִיעִית הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹסִיף עָלָיו וְהוֹלֵךְ. מִשֶּׁפָּֽסְקוּ עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹסֵר. מַה טַעְמָא דְרִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה. שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמָּצֵא לֹו זֶבֶל וְנִמְצָא מֲזַבֵּל אֶת אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. וְלֹא כְבָר הוּא מְזוּבָּל מֵעֶרֶב שְׁבִיעִית. רִבִּי בָּא רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי בָּא בַּר מָמָל. מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיא עֶשֶׂר מַשְׁפֵּלוֹת כְּאַחַת. וְלֵית לְרַבָּנִין מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. אָמַר רִבִּי אִידִי דְּחוּטְרָא סַלּוֹ וּמַגְרֵיפוֹ מוֹכִיחִין עָלָיו שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה אַשְׁפָּה. ²⁶This paragraph and the next with major variations are also in Mo‘ed Qaṭan 1:2 (fol. 83a). The paragraphs refer to the last part of the Mishnah (indicated in Mo‘ed Qaṭan but not here), the disagreement between the Sages and R. Eleazar ben Azariah. One may give two explanations: If he had little [manure] on his field²⁷In Mo‘ed Qaṭan: If he had little [manure] in his house before the Sabbatical year and he wants to transport it to his field during the Sabbatical, he may continuously add to it after the agricultural workers stopped; Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah forbids it. What is the reason of Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah? Maybe there will be no more manure and it will turn out that he fertilizes that place. [This is identical with the second scenario both here and in Mo‘ed Qaṭan. The only difference in both explanations is that in the first case, R. Eleazar ben Azariah is said to accept the opinion of R. Yose (Mishnah Baba Meẓi‘a 5:8) who forbids short sales of manure because manure always is in short supply.], he may continuously add to it after the agricultural workers stopped; Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah forbids it. What is the reason of Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah? Maybe there will be manure and it will turn out that he fertilizes that place²⁸If the manure is added in small portions, the soil under the dungheap will be thoroughly fertilized next year when the manure is spread out over the entire field.. One may give another explanation: If he had little [manure] in his house before the Sabbatical year and he wants to transport it to his field during the Sabbatical, he may continuously add to it after the agricultural workers stopped; Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah forbids it. What is the reason of Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah? Maybe there will be no more manure and it will turn out that he fertilizes that place. Has it not been fertilized before the Sabbatical year²⁹This objection assumes that the dungheap was started before the Sabbatical year.? Rebbi Abba, Rebbi Jeremiah, Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Abba bar Mamai: Because of the bad impression [it is forbidden] unless he transports ten boxes together³⁰R. Eleazar ben Azariah forbids adding small increments only because people could think he was going to fertilize his field.. Do the rabbis not care for a bad impression? Rebbi Idi said his stick, his basket, and his shovel prove that he intends to make a dungheap.

רִבִי יוֹסֵי בֵּי רִבִּי בּוּן אָמַר אִילֵּין שְׁמוּעָתָא דְּהָכָא דְּתַנִּינָן. רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אָמַר אֵין עוֹשִׂין אֶת הָאַמָּה בַתְּחִילָּה בְּמוֹעֵד וּבַשְּׁבִיעִית. אָמַר רִבִּי זְעִירָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַכְשִׁיר אֶת צְדָדֵיהָ לִזְרִיעָה. רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי בָּא בַּר מָמָל מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. הֲווֹן בָּעֵי מֵימַר מָאן דְּאָמַר תַּמָּן מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן וְהָכָא מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. מָאן דְּאָמַר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַכְשִׁיר אֶת צְדָדֵיהָ לִזְרִיעָה הָכָא מַאי אִית לָךְ לְמֵימַר. לֵית לָךְ אֶלָּא כְּהָדָא שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמָּצֵא לוֹ זֶבֶל וְנִמְצָא מֲזַבֵּל אֶת אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. מַה נְפַק מִבֵּינֵיהוֹן. חָפַר לַעֲשׂוֹת אַמָּה שֶׁל בִּנְייַן. הֲווֹן בָּעֵי מֵימַר מָאן דְּאָמַר תַּמָּן מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן וְהָכָא מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. וּמָאן דְּאָמַר תַּמָּן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַכְשִׁיר צְדָדֵיהָ לִזְרִיעָה הֲרֵי אֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר צְדָדֶיהֵ לִזְרִיעָה. הַכֹּל מוֹדִין שֶׁאִם הָיָה לוֹ שָׁם סִיד אוֹ צְרוֹרוֹת אוֹ אֲבָנִים אוֹ גִיפְּסוֹס מוּתָּר. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun applied these traditions from here, as we have stated³¹Mishnah Mo‘ed Qaṭan 1:2. Nonessential agricultural work is forbidden during the intermediate days of a holiday; construction work is permitted. The Sages consider building a new water canal as construction and permitted; the question is the rationale of the prohibition by R. Eleazar ben Azariah.: “Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah said, one does not build a new water canal during the intermediate days of holidays or during the Sabbatical year.” Rebbi Zeїra said, because he would prepare its banks to be sown³²This reason would be valid both for the holidays and the Sabbatical year.. Rebbi Jeremiah, Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Abba bar Mamai: Because of the bad impression. They wanted to say, the one who says there “because of the bad impression” says here³³In the previous paragraph. “because of the bad impression”; the one who says “because he would prepare its banks to be sown”, what can he say here? The only answer would be “maybe there will be no more manure and it will turn out that he fertilizes that place.³⁴The second explanation offered in the previous paragraph is valid since it extends to the case of Mo‘ed Qaṭan; the first explanation has to be rejected.” What would be the difference between them³⁵Is there a practical difference where the ruling would allow one to choose between the two arguments proffered for the position of R. Eleazar ben Azariah?? If he dug to build a water canal for a building. They wanted to say, the one who says there “because of the bad impression” will say in this case “because of the bad impression,” but the one who says there "because he would prepare its banks to be sown,” here its banks will not be prepared to be sown. Everybody agrees that if he built there with lime, pebbles, stones, or cement³⁶Greek γύψος. If the banks of a water canal are of stone or mortar, it is obviously not an agricultural construction. it would be permitted.