Jerusalem Talmud Shabbat 2:6

משנה: עַל שָׁלשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת הַנָּשִׁים מֵיתוֹת בִּשְׁעַת לֵידָתָן עַל שֶׁאֵינָן זְהִירוֹת בַּנִּידָּה בַחַלָּה וּבְהַדְלָקַת הַנֵּר׃ MISHNAH: Because of three sins women die in childbirth, because they are not careful with niddah²⁰All the rules governing her period; in particular informing her husband that she is forbidden to his sexual attentions. He has to depend on the information she gives him., ḥallah²¹The gift to the Cohen to be given from bread dough; cf. Introduction to Tractate Ḥallah. Here also the husband is dependent on the information given by his wife that he may eat the bread baked by her., and candle lighting²²Preparing lighting for the Friday evening meal is the duty of the wife (Shabbat.25b">Babli 25b) and should not be delegated to a servant. Since this is an obligation tied to a fixed time it cannot be a biblical commandment as women are not subject to positive commandments tied to fixed times. But in the Shabbat 6" href="/Mishnah_Shabbat.6">Halakhah to Mishnah 6 (Note 214) the obligation of the wife to light Sabbath candles is called a (rabbinic) commandment. Cf. Maimonides, Hilkhot Šabbat 3:1..

הלכה: עַל שָׁלשׁ עֲבֵירוֹת הַנָּשִׁים מֵתוֹת כול׳. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. יְלָדוֹת. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. יוֹלְדוֹת. מָאן דָּמַר. יְלָדוֹת. תַּנֵּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוּדָה. בָּעֲוֹן הַנְּדָרִים הַבָּנִים מֵתִים. וּמַה טַעֲמָא. לַשָּׁוְא֙ הִכֵּ֣יתִי אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֔ם. וּמָאן דָּמַר. יוֹלְדוֹת. מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת סַכָּנָה. HALAKHAH: “Because of three sins women die in childbirth,¹⁸⁶Quote from Mishnah 6.” etc. There are Tannaim who state, as children. There are Tannaim who state, in childbirth¹⁸⁷Shabbat.32a">Babli 32a.. He who said as children, it was stated in the name of Rebbi Jehudah: Children die because of the sin of vows¹⁸⁸Shabbat.32b">Babli 32b, Ketubot.72a">Ketubot 72a.. What is the reason? For the vain I did hit your sons¹⁸⁹Jeremiah.2.30">Jer. 2:30, cf. Nedarim 3:2:8" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Nedarim.3.2.8">Nedarim 3:2, Note 73.. But he who said in childbirth, from here that Satan¹⁹⁰The prosecutor in the Heavenly Court. accuses¹⁹¹A Hebrew verb formed from Greek κατηγορέω “accuse”. The vocalization בְשָׁעַת is from G. only in times of danger.

רִבִּי פִינְחָס רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי חִייָה בַּר בָּא. כְּתִיב וְלִפְנֵ֨י אֶלְעָזָ֤ר הַכֹּהֵן֙ יַֽעֲמֹ֔ד וְשָׁ֥אַל ל֛וֹ בְּמִשְׁפַּ֥ט הָֽאוּרִ֖ים. בְסֵדֶר הָאוּרִים אֵין כָּתוּב כָּאן אֶלָּא בְּמִשְׁפַּ֥ט הָֽאוּרִ֖ים. אֶלְּא מְלַמֵּד. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל יוֹצְאִין לַמַּלְחָמָה בֵּית דִּין שֶׁלְּמַעֲלָה יוֹשְׁבִין עֲלֵיהֶן אִם לִנְצוֹחַ אִם לְהִינָּצֵחַ. אָמַר רִבִּי חִייָא בַּר בָּא. כְּתִיב כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֥א מַֽחֲנֶה֖ עַל־אוֹיְבֶיךָ וְנִ֨שְׁמַרְתָּ֔ מִכֹּ֖ל דָּבָ֥ר רָֽע: הָא אִם אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לֵיהּ שְׁמִירָה. אֶלָּא מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. Rebbi Phineas, Rebbi Jeremiah in the name of Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Abba: It is written¹⁹²Numbers.27.21">Num. 27:21, before Eleazar the priest he shall stand and ask him about the judgment of the illuminati. It is not written “in the order of the illuminati” but “about the judgment of the illuminati”. This teaches that at the moment when Israel goes to war the Heavenly Court sits because of them, whether to be victorious or to be vanquished. Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said, it is written¹⁹³Deuteronomy.23.10">Deut. 23:10, if you camp out against your enemies, guard yourself from every bad thing. Therefore if he does not go out he does not have to guard himself¹⁹⁴G: Needs no guard.. But from here that Satan accuses only in times of danger.

אָמַר רִבִּי אַחַאי בַּר יַעֲקֹב. כְּתִיב וּקְרָהוּ אָסוֹן֙ בַּדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙. הָא בַבַּיִת לֹא. אֶלָּא מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. Rebbi Aḥai bar Jacob said, it is written¹⁹⁵Genesis.42.38">Gen. 42:38 an accident might happen to him on the road. Therefore not at home. But from here that Satan accuses only in times of danger.

רִבִּי בִּיסְנָא בְשֵׁם רִבִי לִייָא. כְּתִיב יוֹם־צָרָ֧ה וְתוֹכֵיחָה וּנְאָצָה֭ הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה. הָא יוֹם אַחֵר לֹא. אֶלָּא מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. ¹⁹⁶In G (and the editio princeps of ˋEyn yaˋaqov) this homily precedes the one of R. Aḥai. Rebbi Bisna in the name of Rebbi Lia: It is written¹⁹⁷2K. 19:3, Is. 37:3., a day of affliction, and admonition, and insult is this day. Therefore not another day. But from here that Satan accuses only in times of danger.

רִבִּי אַייְבוֹ בַּר נַגֹּרֶי. כָּתוּב בְּ֭הִשָּׁ֣פְטוֹ יֵצֵ֣א רָשָׁ֑ע. יֵצֵא צַדִּיק אֵין כָּתוּב כָּאן אֶלָּא בְּ֭הִשָּׁ֣פְטוֹ יֵצֵ֣א רָשָׁ֑ע. אֶלָּא מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. Rebbi Ayvo bar Nagori. It is written¹⁹⁸Psalms.109.7">Ps. 109:7., when he will be judged he will be found guilty. It is not written “he will be justified” but when he will be judged he will be found guilty. But from here that Satan accuses only in times of danger.

אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא בַּר בִּינָה. נֶסֶר שֶׁהוּא מָתוּחַ מִגָּג לְגָג אֲפִילוּ רָחַב כַּמָּה אָסוּר לְהַלֵּךְ עָלָיו. לָמָּה. אֶלָּא מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בְשָׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. Rebbi Abba bar Bina said, if a plank is extended from one roof to another¹⁹⁹The plank is not fastened at both ends. even if it is rather wide it is forbidden to walk on it. Why? (From here)²⁰⁰Delete with G. because Satan accuses only in times of danger.

רַב אָמַר. הַיּוֹשֵׁב בָּבַיִת מְרוֹעְרָע עוֹשֶׁה מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת דַנִיסְטֵיס שֶׁלּוֹ. דִּכְתִיב יַשִּׁ֤י מָ֨וֶת ׀ עָלֵ֗ימוֹ. כְּמַה דְתֵימָר כִּֽי־תַשֶּׁ֥ה בְרֵֽעֲךָ֖ מַשַּׁ֣את מְא֑וּמָה. Rav said, one who sits in a dilapidated house makes the Angel of Death to his creditor²⁰¹Greek δανειστής, -οῶ, Latin danista, -ae, m., “creditor”., as it is said²⁰²Ps/ 55:16., he claims death over them, as you say²⁰³Deuteronomy.24.10">Deut. 24:10., if you have any claim against your neighbor.

אָמַר רִבִּי לֵוִי. בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת הַשָּׂטָן מָצוּי לְקַטְרֵג. הַמְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּעַצְמוֹ. וְהַיָּשֵׁן בְּבַיִת אָפֵל לְעַצְמוֹ. וְהַמְפָרֵשׂ בַּיָּם הַגָּדוֹל. אָמַר רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר מַרְיוֹן. אִילוּלֵי דִכְתִיב כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְי הַנּוֹתֵ֥ן בַּיָּם֖ דָּ֑רֶךְ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָיָה אָדָם יוֹרֵד לְתוֹכוֹ הָיָה מֵת. וְרַבָּנִן אָמְרִין. הַנּוֹתֵ֥ן בַּיָּם֖ דָּ֑רֶךְ. מִן הָעֲצֶרֶת וְעַד הֶחָג. וּבְמַ֥יִם עַזִּי֭ם נְתִיבָֽה. מִן הֶחָג וְעַד חֲנוּכָּה. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בְרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי תַנְחוּם דִּכְפַר אָגִין עוּבְדָא הָיָה בְּאֶסְיָא. אֲתַא בָעֵי מִיפְרוֹשׂ מִן חַגָּא וְעַד חֲנוּכְּתָא. חַמְתֵּיהּ חָדָא מַטְרוֹנָה. אָֽמְרָה לֵיהּ. כְּדוֹן מַפְרִשִׂין. אִיתְחֲמֵי לֵיהּ אֲבוֹי. וְגַם־קְבוּרָ֖ה לֹֽא־הָ֣יְתָה לּ֑וֹ. וְלָא שְׁמַע לָא לְדֵין וְלָא לְדֵין וַאֲזַל בַיָּמָא. רִבִּי כֹהֵן אֲחוֹי דְרִבִּי חִייָה בַּר בָּא הֲוָה פְרִישׂ. אֲתַא בָעֵי מִיפְרוֹשׂ מִן חַגָּא לַחֲנוּכְּתָא. אֲמַר לַאֲחוֹי. צְלוּ עָלַי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. אִין. דִּצְלִיתִי עֲלָךְ. אֶלָּא אִין חֲמִיתִינוֹן לְצִיבּוּר מְצַלְייָן לְמִיטְרָא לָא תִתְרַחֵץ עַל צְלוּתִי. הָא דְאַתְּ קְטִיר לוּלָבָךְ קְטוֹר רַגְלָךְ. Rebbi Levi said, at three places the Satan usually accuses: one who is on the road alone, one who sleeps in a dark house alone, and one who sets sail on the ocean. Rebbi Isaac bar Marion said, if it had not been written²⁰⁴Isaiah.43.16">Is. 43:16., so says the Eternal Who makes a path in the Sea, if a person would set out on it he would die. But the rabbis say, Who makes a path in the Sea, from Pentecost to Tabernacles, and in great waters a trail, from Tabernacles to Ḥanukkah²⁰⁵But the first quarter of the year is off limits for shipping.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Tanḥum from Kefar Agin (a case)²⁰⁶Erroneous addition by a corrector. was in Essia. He wanted to set sail between Tabernacles and Ḥanukkah. A matron²⁰⁷Latin matrona, the wife of an important personality. saw him and said to him, now one sets sail? His father appeared to him²⁰⁸In a dream., but he had no burial²⁰⁹Ecclesiastes.6.3">Eccl. 6:3.; he listened to neither and travelled by sea. Rebbi Cohen the brother of Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Abba was a sailor. He came to sail between Tabernacles and Ḥanukkah. He said to his brother, pray for me. He answered him yes, I prayed for you, but if you see the public praying for rain²¹⁰Since one publicly prays for rain on the last day of Tabernacles one cannot honestly pray in private for good weather during the winter period. do not trust my prayer. Since you bound your lulav²¹¹The “four species” taken on Tabernacles (Num. 23:40) interpreted as a kind of rain-making equipment., bind your feet.

עַל שֶׁאֵינָן זְהִירוֹת בַּנִּדָּה וּבַחַלָּה וּבְהַדְלָקַת הַנֵּר: אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן דָּמוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. דִּכְתִיב וְאֵ֖יד יַֽעֲלֶ֣ה מִן־הָאָ֑רֶץ. וְגָרְמָה לוֹ חַוָּה מִיתָה. לְפִיכָךְ מָֽסְרוּ מִצְוַת נִדָּה לָאִשָּׁה. Mishnah. “Because they are not careful with Niddah²⁰All the rules governing her period; in particular informing her husband that she is forbidden to his sexual attentions. He has to depend on the information she gives him., and ḥallah²¹The gift to the Cohen to be given from bread dough; cf. Introduction to Tractate Ḥallah. Here also the husband is dependent on the information given by his wife that he may eat the bread baked by her., and candle lighting²²Preparing lighting for the Friday evening meal is the duty of the wife (Shabbat.25b">Babli 25b) and should not be delegated to a servant. Since this is an obligation tied to a fixed time it cannot be a biblical commandment as women are not subject to positive commandments tied to fixed times. But in the Shabbat 6" href="/Mishnah_Shabbat.6">Halakhah to Mishnah 6 (Note 214) the obligation of the wife to light Sabbath candles is called a (rabbinic) commandment. Cf. Maimonides, Hilkhot Šabbat 3:1..” ²¹²A related homily in the Shabbat.31-32">Babli, 31a/32b. The First Man was the blood of the world, as is written²¹³Genesis.2.6">Gen. 2:6., mist would arise from the land. Eve caused him death, therefore they handed the commandment of Niddah to the woman.

וּבַחַלָּה. אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן חַלָּה טְהוֹרָה לָעוֹלָם הָיָה. דִּכְתִיב וַיִּ֩יצֶר֩ יְי אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה. וַתְייָא כַּיי דָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר קַצַּרְתָּה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה מְקַשְׁקֶשֶׁת עִיסָּתָהּ בַּמַּיִם הִיא מַגְבְּהָת חַלָּתָהּ. וְגָרְמָה לוֹ חַוָּה מִיתָה. לְפִיכָךְ מָֽסְרוּ מִצְוַת חַלָּה לָאִשָּׁה. “And ḥallah²¹The gift to the Cohen to be given from bread dough; cf. Introduction to Tractate Ḥallah. Here also the husband is dependent on the information given by his wife that he may eat the bread baked by her..” The First Man was the pure ḥallah of the world, as is written²¹⁴Genesis.2.7">Gen. 2:7., the Eternal, God, created man, dust from the earth. This comes as Rebbi Yose ben Qasarta said, when the woman agitates her dough in water she lifts her ḥallah. Eve caused him death, therefore they handed the commandment of ḥallah to the woman.

וּבְהַדְלָקַת הַנֵּר׃ אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן נֵרוֹ שֶׁלְּעוֹלָם הָיָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר נֵ֣ר אֱלֹהִים נִשְׁמַ֣ת אָדָ֑ם. וְגָֽרְמָה לוֹ חַוָּה מִיתָה. לְפִיכָךְ מָֽסְרוּ מִצְוַת הַנֵּר לָאִשָּׁה. תַּנֵּי. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר. שְׁלֹשָׁה דִיבְקֵי מִיתָה הֵן וֹשְׁלָשְׁתָּן נִמְסְרוּ לָאִשָּׁה. וְאֵילּוּ הֵן. מִצְוַת נִידָּה וּמִצְוַת חַלָּה וּמִצְוַת הַדְלָקָה. “And candle lighting²²Preparing lighting for the Friday evening meal is the duty of the wife (Shabbat.25b">Babli 25b) and should not be delegated to a servant. Since this is an obligation tied to a fixed time it cannot be a biblical commandment as women are not subject to positive commandments tied to fixed times. But in the Shabbat 6" href="/Mishnah_Shabbat.6">Halakhah to Mishnah 6 (Note 214) the obligation of the wife to light Sabbath candles is called a (rabbinic) commandment. Cf. Maimonides, Hilkhot Šabbat 3:1..” The First Man was the light of the world, as is said²¹⁵Proverbs.20.23">Prov. 20:23., God’s light is Adam’s soul. Eve caused him death, therefore they handed the commandment of the light to the woman. ²¹⁶Shabbat.32a">Babli 32a, Berakhot.31b">Berakhot 31b. Tosephta 2:10. It was stated: Rebbi Yose says, there are three clingings of death and all three were handed to woman: These are they, the commandment of Niddah, the commandment of ḥallah, and the commandment²¹⁷This homily and the following story of R. Eliezer are the only occurrences where lighting on Sabbath Eve is called a commandment; cf. Shabbat 2:6:12" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Shabbat.2.6.12">Note 22. of lighting the light.