משנה: שְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים הָאֲמוּרִין בַּתּוֹרָה הַצָּדָן וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן חַייָב. וּשְׁאָר שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִֹים הַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן פָּטוּר הַצָּדָן לְצוֹרֶךְ חַייָב וְשֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ פָּטוּר. חַיָּה וָעוֹף שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּתוֹ הַצָּדָן פָּטוּר וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן חַייָב׃ MISHNAH: The eight kinds of vermin mentioned in the Torah1Leviticus.11.29-30">Lev. 11:29–30.: one who catches or injures them is liable. Other abominations2Worms, insects, and seafood. and vermin: one who injures them is not liable3An injury to any epidermis which cannot be tanned into leather is not considered a Sabbath violation.; if he catches them for some need he is liable, otherwise he is not liable. Wild animals and fowl in his possession: if he catches them he is not liable but if he injures them he is liable4Mammals and birds all have skin that can be tanned..
הלכה: שְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים כול׳. רִבִּי זְרִיקָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי אִימִּי. אִיתְפַּלְּגוֹן רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ. חַד אָמַר. דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל. וְחוֹרָנָה אָמַר. בְּמַחֲלוֹקֶת. וְלָא יָֽדְעִין מַאן אֲמַר דָא וּמַאן אֲמַר דָא. אָמַר רִבִּי זְעִירָא. נְפָרֵשׁ מִילֵּיהוֹן דְּרַבָּנִן מִן מִילֵּיהוֹן. דְּתַנִּינָן תַּמָּן. אֵילּוּ שֶׁעוֹרוֹתֵיהֶן כִּבְשָׂרָן. עוֹר הָאָדָם וְעוֹר חֲזִיר שֶׁלְייִשּׁוּב. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה אוֹמֵר. אַף עוֹר חֲזִיר שֶׁל בָּר. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר. לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְאִיסּוּר וּלְטוּמְאָה. אֲבַל לִלְקוֹת עוֹר הוּא וְאֵין לוֹקִים עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם נְבֵילָה. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר. מִשְׁנָה תְמִימָה שָׁנָה רִבִּי. בֵּין לְאִסּוּר בֵּין לִלְקוֹת בֵּין לְטוּמְאָה. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַייְעָא לְדֵין וּמַתְנִיתָא מְסַייְעָא לְדֵין. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַייְעָא לְרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. שְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי. לְפִיכָךְ אוֹמֵר אֲנִי. שְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַייְעָא לְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ. הַחוֹבֵל בַּשְּׁרָצִים. אֶת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת חַייָב. וְאֶת שֶׁאֵין לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת פָּטוּר. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי אוֹמֵר. לְפִיכָךְ אוֹמֵר אֲנִי. כָּל־הַשְּׁרָצִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן בְּשֵׁם רַב. עוֹר הוּא. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עֲלֵיהֶן מִשּׁוּם נְבֵילָה. וְאַתְיָא כְּהַהִיא דְאָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. הַצָּד זִיזִין זְבוּבִין חַגָּזִין יְתוּשִׁין חַייָב. וְרִבִּי יְהוּדָה פוֹטֵר. וְכֵן הָיָה רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר. אֵין חַייָבִין אֶלָּא עַל דָּבָר שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִיצוּד. הַצָּד חַגָּבִים בַּטַּל פָּטוֹר. בַּשָּׁרָב חַייָב. אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַחְבַּאי אוֹמֵר. אַף בַּשָּׁרָב בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמְקַלְּחִין פָּטוּר. הַצָּד צְבִי חִיגֵּר סוּמֵא חוֹלֶה קָטָן פָּטוּר. יָשֵׁן חַייָב. דּוּ קְמִיץ חָדָא וּפְתַח חָדָא. HALAKHAH: “The eight kinds of vermin,” etc. Rebbi Zeriqan in the name of Rebbi Immi: Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish disagreed. One said, this is everybody’s opinion; the other said, it is in dispute16The statement that injury to one of the eight kinds of vermin constitutes a Sabbath violation is in one tradition a unanimous opinion, in another the object of a dispute between R. Joḥanan ben Nuri and the anonymous majority. As explained later, the problem really is which tradition of the statement of R. Joḥanan ben Nuri is correct.. We do not know who said what. Rebbi Zeˋira said, let us explain the rabbis’ words from their own words, since we have stated there17Chullin 9:2" href="/Mishnah_Chullin.9.2">Mishnah Ḥulin 9:2. The Mishnah implies that leather or fur is not subject to impurity of food or animals (but is subject to ṣoraat, Leviticus.13.47-59">Lev. 13:47–59). But the epidermis of animals whose hide cannot be turned into leather is treated as like the rest of the body and is subject to all impurities spelled out in Leviticus.11">Lev. 11. The Mishnah singles out not only humans and pigs but later reports a disagreement about one of the eight species of vermin, with agreement about three others that their hides are subject to impurity; it ends with the statement of R. Joḥanan ben Nuri that all eight species of vermin have hides in this sense. The relevance for the discussion here is that if the hide is separate from the flesh, causing an ecchymosis under the skin is a Sabbath violation as derivative of threshing.: “these are the ones whose skins are like their flesh, human skin and domesticated pigskin. Rebbi Yose says, also wild pigskin.” Rebbi Joḥanan said, they taught this only regarding prohibition and impurity. But with regard to flogging it is hide and one may not flog for it because of carcass meat18If somebody eats the hide of a forbidden animal without any flesh attached, he cannot be accused of eating forbidden food since what he ate was no food; the prohibition of hide is purely rabbinical. If one agrees with this point of view then the statement of R. Joḥanan ben Nuri also refers only to impurity and rabbinic prohibition and the majority will agree that for biblical prohibitions, including the Sabbath, the eight kinds of vermin have hides. This is R. Joḥanan’s position. Shabbat.107a">Babli 107a in the name of Rav.. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, Rebbi taught a complete Mishnah, whether for prohibition, or for flogging, or for impurity. A baraita supports one, and a baraita supports the other. A baraita supports Rebbi Joḥanan: “The eight kinds of vermin have hides. Rebbi Joḥanan ben Nuri said, therefore I am saying that the eight kinds of vermin have hides.19Cf. Chullin 8:6" href="/Tosefta_Chullin.8.6">Tosephta Ḥulin 8:17.” A baraita supports Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish. He who injures vermin, for those who have hides he is liable, for those who have no hides he is not liable. Rebbi Joḥanan ben Nuri said, therefore I am saying that all kinds of vermin have hides20Shabbat.107b">Babli 107b.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun in the name of Rav: It is hide and one may not flog for it because of carcass meat. This follows what Rebbi Joḥanan said21Cf. Tosephta 12:5 (ed. Liebermann); Shabbat.106b">Babli 106b., “he who caught crickets22In Brelot’s Arabic Dictionary (Beirut 1898), زيز is noted as Syrian dialect word for cricket., flies, ḥagazin23An unexplained hapax. Probably misspelled for חגבים “locusts” mentioned in the Tosephta., mosquitoes is liable, but Rebbi Jehudah declares not liable, for so did Rebbi Jehudah say, one is liable only for something which usually is hunted. One who catches locusts in dew is not liable, in dry time is liable. Eleazar ben Aḥbai says, even in heat one is not liable if it forms clusters24Explanation of Rashi. Also R. Ḥananel explains that according to Eleazar ben Aḥbai locusts may be taken on the Sabbath if they do not fly and can be caught effortlessly.. One who catches a lame, blind, sick, young deer is not liable25Tosephta 12:4 (ed. Liebermann)., for a sleeping one he is liable,” for it closes one and opens one26Cant. rabba 8(16) also mentions the belief that deer sleep with one eye open (and, therefore, a healthy deer cannot easily be caught even when sleeping.).
אָמַר רִבִּי יַנַּאי. מוּתָּר לַהֲרוֹג אֶת הַצִּרְעָה בַשַּׁבָּת. וְתַנֵּי כֵן. חֲמִשָּׁה נֶהֱרָגִין בַּשַּׁבָּת. זְבוּב מִצְרִי וְצִירְעָה שֶׁבְּנִינְוֶה וְעַקְרָב שֶׁבְּהַדַּייָת וְנָחָשׁ שֶׁבְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכֶלֶב שׁוֹטֶה שֶׁבְּכָל־מָקוֹם. מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנָּפַל נָחָשׁ בַּשַּׁבָּת וְעָמַד נַפַּתִּי אֶחָד וַהֲרָגוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי. פָּגַע בּוֹ כְיוֹצֵא בוֹ. וְלֹא מִן הַדְּבָרִים הַנֶּהֱרָגִין בַּשַּׁבָּת אִינּוּן. פָּתַר לָהּ בְּבָאִין לְהַזִּיק. תַּנֵּי. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר. הָרוֹאֶה נָחָשׁ וְעַקְרָב בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת רָאוּי הָיָה שֶׁיָּמוּת בָּהֶם. אֶלָּא שֶׁרַחֲמִים שֶׁלְמָקוֹם מְרוּבִּין. אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן. בַּמֶּה דְבַרִים אֲמוּרִים. בִּזְמַן שֶׁלֹּא הָֽרְגָן. אֲבָל אִם הָֽרְגָן לֹא נִרְאוּ לוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁיְּהָֽרְגֵם. וְחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים. בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ לֹא נִרְאוּ לוֹ אֶלָּא בִזְכוּת. 27The entire paragraph has a parallel in the Shabbat.121b">Babli, 121b. Rebbi Yannai said, one is permitted to kill a wasp on the Sabbath28Because its sting is dangerous.. And it was stated thus: “Five are killed on the Sabbath: an Egyptian fly, and a wasp in Niniveh29This may either mean Assyria or Naveh in the Bashan plateau, cf. Berakhot 5:2:8" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Berakhot.5.2.8">Berakhot 5:2, Note 81., and a scorpion in Adiabene, and a snake in the Land of Israel, and a rabid dog anywhere. It happened that a snake fell30Babli: “in the house of study”. on the Sabbath, when a Nabatean got up and killed it. Rebbi said, it met its match.31The Babli discusses whether this is praise or rebuke.” But are they not of the ones which are killed on the Sabbath? Explain it if they come to do damage. It was stated, Rebbi Jacob says, he who sees a snake or a scorpion within four cubits was destined to die by them32Ordinarily they would have bitten or stung them without him being aware of their presence., only that the mercy of the Omnipresent is abundant. Rabban Simeon said, when has this been said? If he did not kill them. But if he killed them they appeared to him so he could kill them. In any case they appeared to him only by merit33Since they are ubiquitous but rarely seen..
כָּתוּב שִׁמְעוּ־זֹ֥את כָּל־הָֽעַמִּ֑ים הַֽ֝אֲזִ֗ינוּ כָּל־יוֹשְׁבֵי חָֽלֶד: רִבִּי אָחָא אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ וְרַבָּנִן. חַד אָמַר. לָמָּה הוּא מוֹשֵׁל כָּל־בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם בְּחוּלְדָּה. אֶלָּא לְפִי שֶׁכָּל־מַה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בַּיַּבָּשָׁה יֵשׁ בַּיָּם. הַרְבֶּה מִינִים בַּיָּם מַה שֶׁאֵין בַּיַּבָּשָׁה וְאֵין חוּלְדָּה בַּיָּם. וְחוֹרָנָה אָמַר. לָמָּה הוּא מוֹשֵׁל כָּל־בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם בְּחוּלְדָה. אֶלָּא מָה הַחוּלְדָּה הַזֹּאת גּוֹרֶרֶת וּמַנַּחַת וְאֵינָהּ יוֹדַעַת לְמִי הִיא מַנַּחַת. כָּךְ הֵן כָּל־בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם. גוֹרְרִין וּמַנִּיחִין גוֹרְרִין וּמַנִּיחִין וְאֵינָן יוֹדְעִין לְמִי הֵן מַנִּיחִין. יִ֝צְבֹּ֗ר וְֽלֹא־יֵדַ֥ע מִי־אוֹסְפָם׃ It is written, hear this all nations, listen all who dwell like moles34Psalms.49.1">Ps. 49:1. Usually the word חֶלֶד “world” is derived from خلد “to be permanent”, not חלד “to burrow”.. Rebbi Aha said, Rebbi Abbahu and the rabbis. One said, why does he compare all creatures to a mole? Only because everything that exists on dry land exists in the sea, but there are many species in the sea which are not on land, and there is no mole in the sea. But the other said, why does he compare all creatures to a mole? Like this mole which drags and deposits and does not know for whom it deposits, so are the creatures, they always drag and collect and do not know for whom they collect; he piles up and does not know for whom he assembled it35Psalms.39.7">Ps. 39:7..
חַיָּה וָעוֹף שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּתוֹ הַצָּדָן פָּטוּר וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן חַייָב: לֹא אָֽמְרוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּת אָדָם. הָא אִם אֵינָן בִּרְשׁוּת אָדָם חַייָב. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. הָדָא אָֽמְרָה. שׁוֹר שֶׁמָּרַד הַצָּדוֹ בַשַּׁבָּת חַייָב. רַבָּנִן דְּקַיְסָרִין בְּשֵׁם רַב אֲבִדָן. עוֹר עוֹף מוֹתָּר לִכְתוֹב עָלָיו מְזוּזָּה. “Wild animals and fowl in his possession: if he catches them he is not liable but if he injures them he is liable.” They said this only if it is under the control of a human36Since injuring fowl on the Sabbath is a violation, their skin is hide as explained in the first paragraph. Shabbat.108a">Babli 108a.. Therefore if it is not under the control of a human he is liable. Rebbi Yose said, this means that one who on the Sabbath catches an escaped bull is liable. The rabbis of Caesarea in the name of Rav Avidan: One is permitted to write a mezuzah on bird’s skin36Since injuring fowl on the Sabbath is a violation, their skin is hide as explained in the first paragraph. Shabbat.108a">Babli 108a..