משנה: אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵן. בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַמְּלָכִים וְלָרְגָלִים. בְּאֶחָד בֶּאֱלוּל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה. רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר וְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי. MISHNAH: There are four New Year’s Days. On the first of Nisan is New Year for kings1The first year of a king’s reign terminates at the end of Adar, irrespective of when he gained the throne. This is important for the dating of documents by regnal years and represents the practice in Mishnaic times and the early Israelite monarchic period. Mesopotamian practice uses the first of Tishre (“beginning”) for the same purpose. and for holidays2In all biblical holiday lists the sequence is Passover-Pentecost-Tabernacles. Since the holidays always are described in terms of months, the statement is equivalent to saying that Nisan is the first month.. On the first of Elul is New Year for animal tithe3Leviticus.27.32-33">Lev. 27:32–33. For determining animal tithe, all calves born in the same tithing year are counted together, but not those of any other year.; Rebbi Eleazar and Rebbi Simeon say, on the first of Tishre.
הלכה: אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵן כול׳. כְּתִיב הַחוֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶם֭ רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים. לָכֶם הוּא רֹאשׁ וְאֵינוֹ רֹאשׁ לֹא לַשָּׁנִים וְלֹא לַשְּׁמִיטִּים וְלֹא לַיּוֹבְילוֹת וְלֹא לִנְטִיעָה וְלֹא לַיְּרָקוֹת. וְאֵמָר. לָכֶם הוּא רֹאשׁ וְאֵינוֹ רֹאשׁ לֹא לַמְּלָכִים וְלֹא לִרְגָלִים. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. כְּתִיב וַ֠יָּחֶל לִבְנ֞וֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַ֥ת אַרְבַּע֖ לְמַלְכוּתֽוֹ׃ הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. אוֹ אֵנוֹ אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם בַּחוֹדֶשׁ. כָּל־מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שְׁנַיִם בַּחוֹדֶשׁ פִּירֵשׁ. אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם בַּשַּׁבָּת. לֹא מָצָאנוּ חֶשְׁבוֹן זֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְהָא כְתִיב וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם שֵׁינִֽי׃ אֵין לְמֵידִין מִבְּרִייָתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. וְהֵיי דֵין הוּא שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֲדָשִׁים וְהֵיי דֵין הוּא שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה וְרִבִּי מָנָא. חַד אָמַר. ֠וַיָּחֶל לִבְנ֞וֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. בַּשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. וְחוֹרָנָה. אֲפִילוּ מִיחְלַף לֵית בָּהּ כְּלוּם. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כַּרְסָנָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי אָחָא שָׁמַע לָהּ מִן הָדָא. הַחוֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶם֭. מִיעֵט. רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם. [מִיעֵט.] מִיעוּט אַחַר מִיעוּט לְרַבּוֹת לַמְּלָכִים וְלִרְגָלִים. וְיַרְבֶּה לַשָּׁנִים וְלַשְּׁמִיטִּים וְלַיּוֹבְילוֹת וְלִנְטִיעָה וְלַיְּרָקוֹת. כַּהִיא דְאָמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. וַ֠יָּחֶל לִבְנ֞וֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֖ע לְמַלְכוּתֽוֹ: הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. רִבִּי יוֹנָה רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חִייָה בַּר יוֹסֵף. וַ֠יָּחֶל לִבְנ֞וֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. בַּשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. וּכְשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר. בִּשְׁנַ֥ת אַרְבַּע֭ לְמַלְכוּתֽוֹ הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. תַּנֵּי שְׁמוּאֵל וּפְלִיג. בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י לְצֵ֥את בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֭ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם. מִיכָּן שֶׁמּוֹנִין חֳדָשִׁים לִיצִיאַת מִצרַיִם. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא חֳדָשִׁים. שָׁנִים מְנַיִין. וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר יְי אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה בְמִדְבַּר־סִ֠ינַ֠י בַּשָּׁנָ֙ה הַשֵּׁינִית. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא לְאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן. לְאַחַר הַזְּמָן הַזֶּה מְנַיִין. בִּשְׁנַ֣ת הָֽאַרְבָּעִ֗ים לְצֵ֤את בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא לְשָׁעָה. לְדוֹרוֹת מְנַיִין. וַיְהִ֣י בִשְׁמוֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֣ה וְאַרְבַּ֣ע מֵא֣וֹת שָׁנָָ֡ה לְצֵ֣את בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל מֵאֶֽרֶץ-מִצְרַיִם֩ וגו׳. מִשֶּׁנִּבְנָה הַבַּיִת הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לְבִנְיָנוֹ. וַיְהִ֗י מִקֵץ עֶשְׂרִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־בָּנָ֥ה שְׁלֹמֹ֖ה אֶת־שְׁנֵ֣י הַבָּתִּ֑ים וגו׳. לֹא זָכוּ לִמְנוֹת לְבִינְייָנוּ הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לְחֻרְבָּנוֹ. בְּעֶשְׂרִ֣ים וְחָמֵ֣שׁ שָׁנָ֣ה לְגָלוּתֵינוּ בְּרֹ֨אשׁ הַשָּׁנָ֨ה בֶּעָשׂ֣וֹר לַחֹ֗דֶשׁ וגו׳. לֹא זָכוּ לִמְנוֹת לְעַצְמָן הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לַמַּלְכִּיּוֹת. [שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר] בִּשְׁנַ֤ת שְׁתַּ֨יִם֙ לְדָֽרְיָו֣שֶׁ. בִּשְׁנַ֣ת שָׁלֹשׁ לְכ֨וֹרֶשׁ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ פָּרַ֔ס. וְאֵימַר וַ֠יָּחֶל לִבְנ֞וֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַ֥ת אַרְבַּע֭ לְמַלְכוּתֽוֹ: הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. HALAKHAH: “There are four New Year’s Days,” etc. It is written4Exodus.12.2">Ex. 12:2. The verse establishes that months are counted from the month of the spring equinox, post-exilic (Accadic) called Nisan., this month shall be for you the head of the months. For you it is the head of the months but it is head neither for years nor for Sabbatical periods nor for Jubilees5It is clear from Leviticus.25">Lev.25 that Sabbaticals and Jubilees are counted from the end of the agricultural year in the month of the fall equinox. nor for planting6To determine the years of `orlah, when no fruit may be taken. nor for vegetables7To determine the year for purposes of the tithe since inferred from Deuteronomy.14.22">Deut. 14:22, which requires agricultural tithe being given year by year, that no tithe may be given from produce of one year for produce grown in another.. And I could say, for you it is the head of the months but it is head neither for kings nor for holidays. Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: It is written82Chr.3:2., he started to build in the second month, in the second,9The text is ambiguous. The later derivations read it as a repetition: He started to build in the second month, the second month of the fourth year; in the style of Genesis.8.5">Gen. 8:5. If the same number is used to describe the month in the sequence of months and the month in the year, it follows that the year must start with month one. in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Or is it only the second in the month? Any place where the second day in the month is intended it is explicit10This is how the unofficial Targum of 2Chr.3:2 reads it: He started to build on the second day of the second month of the fourth year; a reading also rejected in the Babli 3a since it always is stated as “day nin the month.”. Or is it only the second in the week? We do not find this count in the Torah11Babli 3a.. But is it not written, it was evening and it was morning, the second day12Genesis.1.8">Gen. 1:8.? One makes no inferences from the Creation of the World13Since they are God’s days, not human days.. Which one is the second of the months and which one is the second of the years14In 2Chr.3:2.? Rebbi Ḥanania and Rebbi Mana. One said, he started to build in the second month, that is the second of the months; in the second, that is the second in the year. But the other one, even if you switch it does not change anything. Rebbi Simeon bar Karsana in the name of Rebbi Aḥa understood it from the following: This month is for you, an exclusion. The first it be for you, [an exclusion.] An exclusion after an exclusion is to include15A general principle in both Talmudim. Peah 6:7:3" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Peah.6.7.3">Peah6:9 Note 154, Yevamot 12:1:2-17" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Yevamot.12.1.2-17">Yebamot 12:1 Note10, Sotah 9:2:6" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sotah.9.2.6">Soṭah 9:2 Note 63, Horayot 1:1:4" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Horayot.1.1.4">Horaiot1:1 Note 9 q. v., Megillah4:4 75b l.14; Megillah.23b">Babli Megillah23b, Yoma.43a">Yoma43a, Bava qamma15b, Bava batra15a, Sanhedrin.15a">Sanhedrin15a,Sanhedrin.44b">44b,Sanhedrin.66a">66a, Makkot.9b">Makkot9b, Shevuot.7b">Ševuot7b, Menachot.9b">Menaḥot9b,Menachot.67a">67a, Chullin.132a">Ḥulin132a. for kings and holidays. Could one include for years, or for Sabbatical periods, or for Jubilees, or for planting, or for vegetables? Following what Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan said: It is written, he started to build in the second month, in the second, in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Rebbi Jonah, Rebbi Isaac bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Joseph: He started to build in the second month, that is the second of the months; in the second, that is the second in the year. And when he says, in the fourth year of his reign, it bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Samuel stated and disagreed16He holds that the count of years depends on the political circumstances.: In the third month of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt17Exodus.19.1">Ex. 19:1.. From here that one counts months from the exodus from Egypt. Not only months, from where years? The Eternal spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai in the second year18Numbers.9.1">Num. 9:1.. Not only at that time, from where later? In the fortieth year of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt19Numbers.33.38">Num. 33:38. Babli 2b. Not only temporarily, from where for later generations? It was in the 480th year of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt201K.6:1., etc. After the Temple had been built they started to count from its building: It was at the end of twenty years after Salomon built the two houses211K. 9:1.. They did not merit to count from its building, they started counting from its destruction: In the twenty-fifth year of our exile, on New Year’s Day, on the tenth of the month22Ezekiel.40.1">Ez. 40:1. In a Jubilee year, New Year’s day is moved to the Day of Atonement; cf. the author’s edition of Seder Olam(Northvale 1998), pp. 118–119, Note 4., etc. They did not merit to count for themselves, they started counting regnal years, [as it is written,] in year two of Darius23Haggai.1.1">Ḥaggai1:1.; in year three of Cyrus, king of Persia24Daniel.10.1">Dan. 10:1.. And I am saying, 82Chr.3:2.he started to build in the second month, in the second, in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan.
רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. אַף לְמַלְכֵי אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֵין מּוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. בַּשִּׁשִּׁ֑י בִּשְׁנַ֥ת שְׁתַּיִ֭ם לְדָֽרְיָ֥וֶשׁ. בַּשְּׁמִינִי [בִּשְׁנַ֥ת] שְׁתַּיִ֭ם לְדָֽרְיָו֑שֶׁ. נֹאמַר בַּשְּׁמִינִי בִּשְׁנַת שָׁלֹשׁ. חֵיפָה אָמַר. שְׁמִינִי נֶאֱמַר תְּחִילָּה אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מוּקְדָּם וּמְאוּחָר בַּתּוֹרָה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. כְּתִיב וְעַתָּה֙ שִֽׂימוּ־נָ֣א לְבַבְכֶ֔ם מִן־הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּה֭ וָמָ֑עְלָה מִטֶּ֧רֶם שֽׂוּם־אֶ֛בֶן אֶל־אֶבֶ֭ן בְּהֵיכַ֥ל יְי. הָא כֵיצַד. בַּשִּׁישִּׁי הוּסַּד. בַּשְּׁמִינִי נֶאֱמַר הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה. אִין תֵּימַר. כְּבָר שָׂמוּ יְאוּת אָמַר חֵיפָה. אִין תֵּימַר. לֹא שָׂמוּ. לֹא אָמַר חֵיפָה כְלוּם. הָתִיב רִבִּי יִצְחָק. וְהָֽכְתִיב וַ֠יְהִ֠י בְּאַחַ֨ת וְשֵׁשׁ־מֵא֜וֹת שָׁנָ֗ה בָּֽרִאשׁוֹן֙ בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחוֹדֶשׁ. וְתַנֵּי עֲלָהּ. שְׁנַת הַמַּבּוּל אֵינָהּ עוֹלָה מִן הַמִּינְייָן. תִּיפְתָּר כְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. דְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר. בְּתִשְׁרֵי נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם. וְהָֽכְתִיב וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בְּחוֹדֶשׁ נִיסָ֗ן שְׁנַ֥ת עֶשְׂרִ֛ים. וַיְהִ֤י בְחוֹדֶשׁ כִּסְלֵיו שְׁנַ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֔ים. תִּיפְתָּר כְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. דְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר. כָּל־שָׁנָה שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנְסוּ לָהּ שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. וְהָֽכְתִיב וַיְהִ֞י בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הָֽרִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּשָּׁנָ֥ה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחוֹדֶשׁ הוּקַ֖ם הַמִּשְׁכָּֽן. אִין תֵּימַר שְׁנַת שְׁלִישִׁית הִיא. עַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנְסוּ שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. וְהָֽכְתִיב וַיְהִ֞י בְּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשָּׁנָ֧ה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּעֶשְׂרִ֣ים בַּחוֹדֶשׁ. וְהָא אִית בַּשַּׁתָּא חַמְשִׁין יוֹמִין. וְאֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. הָדָא מִן תְּתוּבְתָה דְּרִבִּי יִצְחָק דְּאִינִין קַשְׁייָן. Rebbi Eleazar in the name of Rebbi Ḥanina: Also for the kings of the peoples of the world one only counts from Nisan25He holds that Jewish documents, in particular biblical reports, always start regnal years in Nisan, irrespective of the official calendar of the kingdom to which it refers. The Babli 3b admits this only for good kings.. In the sixth, in year two of Darius26Haggai.1.15">Ḥaggai1:15. He reports that they started to build the Second Temple on 6/24 of year 2 of Darius.. In the eighth, [in year] two of Darius27Zechariah.1.1">Sach. 1:1. If the regnal year of Darius were counted from the start of the 7th Month, Tishre, the eighth month would have to be in year three.. Should we not say, “in the eighth in year three”? Heipha said, the eighth was said first but there is no earlier and later in the Torah28Since Sacharia scolds the people for not building the Temple in the eighth Month of year 2 of Darius, this must precede the date given by Haggai. Therefore the regnal year cannot be counted from Nisan, but it runs from the 1st of Tishre to the end of the following sixth month, against R. Ḥanina. That Sacharia is written after Haggai in the minor prophets has no chronological relevance. “Torah” here includes the entire Hebrew Bible (and Mishnah, Note 318) and is not restricted to the Pentateuch. Cf. Megillah 1:2:2" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Megillah.1.2.2">Megillah1:2 (70d l.59); also Sheqalim6:1 (49d l. 70) and Sotah 8:3:12" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sotah.8.3.12">Sotah8:3 (Note 127) as minority opinion of R. Meïr. Pesachim.6b">Babli Pesaḥim6b (Num. rabba9(44)).. Rebbi Jonah said, it is written: and now take notice, starting with this day, before a stone is set upon stone in the Temple of the Eternal29Haggai.2.15">Haggai2:15. The prophecy is dated 9/2 of year 2 of Darius.. How is this? In the sixth the foundation stone was laid. In the eighth30This must read: “ninth”. this verse was said. If you are saying, they already laid, Heipha is correct. If you are saying, they did not lay, Heipha did not say anything31If the prophet says that while they are building the Temple they already notice that God’s blessing of Judean agriculture started before they actually started building, the statement cannot be used to determine the start of regnal years.. Rebbi Isaac objected: Is it not written32Genesis.9.13">Gen. 9:13., it was in the 601-st year, in the first, on the first day of the month? And it was stated on this, the year of the Flood is not counted33This argument presupposes that Noe’s years are treated as regnal years. This is not the position of Seder Olam(of Babylonian redaction) which asserts that the numbers given in Gen. may be added, which means that overlapping parts of years have been eliminated. If the year started in Tishre, in the middle of the Flood, the statement is acceptable, but not if it started in Nisan, since the flood started only on 2/17 of that year. This problem is treated in detail by the 16th Cent. Rabbi Moses Almosnino (published in Moriah30, part 5–7, pp. 19–21, 2010.). Explain it following Rebbi Eliezer, as Rebbi Eliezer said, in Tishre was the world created34And therefore Noe’s years are not treated as regnal years; all years mentioned in the early history in Gen. start in Tishre. Babli 10b.. But is it not written, it was in the month of Nisan of year twenty35Nehemiah.2.1">Neh.2:1.; it was in the month of Kislew of year twenty36Nehemiah.1.1">Neh. 1:1. Nehemiah was informed in Kislew of year 20 of Artaxerxes of the sorry state of Jerusalem; in Nisan of the same year he asked permission to leave Susa and go to Jerusalem. The regnal year must have started in the fall.? Explain it following Rebbi Eliezer, as Rebbi Eliezer said, any year of which 30 days have not elapsed is not counted as a full year. But is it not written37Exodus.40.17">Ex. 40:17., It was in the first month of the second year, on the first of the month, when the Sanctuary was erected? If you are saying that it was the third year and because 30 days had not elapsed it is not counted as a full year, is it not written38Numbers.10.11">Num. 10:11 (misquoted). Since this verse refers to the service in the Tabernacle, it must refer to a time posterior to that quoted in the preceding verse; the statement in the name of R. Eliezer must be rejected. (In the Babli 10b the statement is formulated in a way which makes it not relevant to the case discussed here.), it was in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth of the month? There are 50 days in the year, and it would not be counted as a whole year? That is one of Rebbi Isaac’s answers which are difficult39And the statement of R. Eleazar in the name of R. Ḥanina has to be rejected. The entire text of R. Isaac is copied by Tosaphot 3b, s. v. מניינא..
בֵּין כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר מִנִּיסָן מוֹנִין בֵּין כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר מִתִּשְׁרֵי מוֹנִין. מַה בֵינֵיהוֹן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת בֵּינֵיהוֹן. לָווָה מִלְווֶה בְאִייָר וְכָתַב בָּהּ. שָׁנָה שְׁנִייָה לַמַּלְכוּת. מָכַר מְכִירָה בְמַרחֶשְׁוָן וְכָתַב בָּהּ. שְׁנִייָה לַמַּלְכוּת. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מִנִּיסָן מוֹנִין. מִלְווֶה קָֽדְמָה. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מִתִּשְׁרֵי מוֹנִין. מְכִירָה קָֽדְמָה. What is the difference whether one says that one counts from Nisan or one counts from Tishre? Rebbi Jonah says, the difference is the proof power of documents40Babli Avodah zarah10a.. If he took a loan in Iyar and wrote in it41The standard document of indebtedness creates a mortgage lien on all of the debtor’s real estate, which is not removed if the real estate is sold later., the second year of government; he sold real estate in Marḥeshwan and wrote in it42The sale deed., the second year of government. For him who says that one counts from Nisan, the loan preceded43In this case the buyer bought encumbered property; he is in danger of losing his buy if the seller defaults on his loan obligation.. For him who said that one counts from Tishre, the sale preceded44The property is free of encumbrances..
כֵּיצַד לַמְּלָכִים. מֵת בְּאָדָר וְעָמַד מֶלֶךְ בְּאָדָר. נִמְנֵית שָׁנָה לָזֶהּ וְשָׁנָה לָזֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. וְהוּא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְנִיסָן. דִּי לֹא כֵן כְּהָדָא וַיִּמְלֹ֥ךְ יֶֽרַח־יָמִ֖ים בְּשׁוֹמְרוֹן׃ אֵין לָךְ לַעֲמוֹד עַל שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא מִשְּׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. וְלֹא עַל שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה אֶלָּא מִשְּׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. כְּתִיב וְהַיָּמִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָלַ֤ךְ דָּוִד֙ עַל כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה וגו׳. וּכְתִיב בְּחֶבְרוֹן֙ מָלַ֣ךְ עַל־יְהוּדָ֔ה שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִי֖ם וְשִׁשָּׁ֣ה חֳדָשִׁ֑ים וּבִירוּשָׁלַ֣ם מָלַ֗ךְ וגו׳. בִּכְלָל חֲסֵירִים וֹבִפְרָט יְתֵירִים. רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר קְצָצְתָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם ומֶחֱצָה הָיוּ. אֶלָּא בִשְׁבִיל לַחֲלוֹק לוֹ כָבוֹד לִירוּשָׁלִַם הוּא מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן שְׁלֵימוֹת. יְהוּדָה בִּירְבִּי אוֹמֵר. חֶשְׁבּוֹן מְרוּבֶּה בוֹלֵעַ לְחֶשְׁבוֹן מְמוּעָט. אָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן. וְהָיָה כִּ֣י ׀ יִמְלְא֣וּ יָמֶ֗יךָ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. דָּוִד. יָמִים מְלֵיאִים אֲנִי מוֹנֶה לָךְ. אֵינִי מוֹנֶה לָךְ יָמִים חֲסֵירִים. [שְׁלֹמֹה בִנְךָ בוֹנֶה בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ אֶלָּא לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבָּנוֹת. חָבִיב עָלַי מִשָׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה שֶׁלָּךְ יוֹתֵר מִכָּל־הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עֲ֭שֹׂה צְדָקָ֣ה וּמִשְׁפָּ֑ט נִבְחָ֖ר לַֽה׳ מִזָּֽבַח׃] רַב חוּנָא אָמַר. כָּל־אוֹתָן שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים שֶׁהָיָה דָוִד בּוֹרֵחַ מִפְּנֵי אַבְשָׁלוֹם בְּנוֹ בִּשְׂעִירָה הָיָה מִתְכַּפֵּר כְהֶדְיוֹט. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן בֵּירִבִּי שָׁלוֹם. כְּתִיב כִּֽי־שֵׁ֧שֶׁת חֳדָשִׁ֛ים יָֽשַׁב־שָׁ֥ם יוֹאָב֭ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי לָךְ. אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣רוּ בָ֔ם. וּבִיקַשְׁתָּ לְהִתְגָּרוֹת בָּם. חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֵינָן נִימְנִין לָךְ. How for kings? If he died in Adar and a king took office in Adar it is counted as a year for both of them. Rebbi Jonah said, only if he reached Nisan. Otherwise like the following, he ruled one month in Samaria452K. 15:13. If he had ruled longer, it would have counted for a year.. You can determine the years of the kings of Israel only through the years of the kings of Jehudah, and you can determine the years of the kings of Jehudah only through the years of the kings of Israel46Since there were overlapping years at the start and end of each reign, and there might have been shifts between Western counting from Nisan and Eastern counting from Tishre, the correspondences given in Kings are necessary to establish the correct correspondences. This leaves uncertainty for the days of the united monarchy.. It is written471K. 2:11.: And the time that David ruled over Israel was forty years, etc. And it is written482S.5:4. Then according to the rules given earlier, the reign should have been counted as 41 years. Cf. Sanhedrin.107">Babli Sanhedrin107a/b., in Hebron he ruled over Jehudah seven years and six months, etc. In total they are deficient and in detail excessive. Rebbi Isaac bar Qaṣaṣata in the name of Rebbi Jonah: they were thirty-two and a half years, but to honor Jerusalem he counts them as entire. The great Jehudah says, the greater number absorbs the lesser49But according to our rules, the numbers should have been rounded up, not down.. 50The following sentence is from Berakhot 2:1:18" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Berakhot.2.1.18">Berakhot2:1 (Notes 66–67), also Mo`ed qatan3:7 (83d l.4). As answer to the problem of the excess 6 months it is unsatisfactory. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman said, when your days will be complete512S. 7:12.. The Holy One, praise to Him, said to David: I am counting full days for you, I am not counting missing days for you. 52Corrector’s addition from the parallels, where the added text represents the main argument. Here the addition is irrelevant.[Will not your son Solomon build the Temple to sacrifice? Law and justice that you are upholding is more to my liking than sacrifices, as it is said53Proverbs.21.3">Prov. 21:3., upholding justice and law is preferred by the Eternal to sacrifice.] Rav Huna said, the entire six months during which David was in flight before his son Absalom, his sins would have been atoned for by a female goat as for a commoner54This statement is from Horayot 3:2:22" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Horayot.3.2.22">Horaiot3:3, Note 111. Since during Absalom’s revolt David was not ruling as a king, the 40½ years of his reign actually were only 40 years of rule.. Rebbi Yudan ben Rebbi Shalom said, it is written551K. 11:16., for six months dwelt there Joab and all of Israel. The Holy One, praise to Him, said to him: I did tell you, do not attack them56Deuteronomy.2.5">Deut. 2:5., but you desired to attack them. By your life, they will not be counted for you57Therefore the 41 years are recorded as 40..
מָאן תַּנָּא רְגָלִים. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אָמַר. שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים כְּסִדְרָן וּבִלְבַד חַג הַמַּצּוֹת רִאשׁוֹן. אַשְׁכָּחַת אֲמַר. פְּעָמִים חֲמִשָּׁה פְעָמִים אַרְבָּעָה פְעָמִים שְׁלֹשָׁה. לִפְנֵי עֲצֶרֶת חֲמִשַּׁה. לִפְנֵי הֶחָג אַרְבָּעָה. לִפְנֵי הַפֶּסַח שְׁלֹשָׁה. רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בֵּירִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אָמַר. וּבִלְבַד חַג הַמַּצּוֹת אַחֲרוֹן. אַשְׁכָּחַת אֲמַר. פְּעָמִים שְׁלֹשָׁה פְעָמִים שְׁנַיִם פְעָמִים אֶחָד. וְחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים. רֶגֶל שֶׁפָּגַע בּוֹ תְחִילָּה. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו רַגְלֵי שָׁנָה כוּלָּהּ. Who stated “holidays”? Rebbi Simeon, since Rebbi Simeon said, “three holidays in order starting with the holiday of unleavened bread58Why is it necessary to state that the holidays start in Nisan? If somebody makes a vow he incurs the obligation to fulfill his vow (Deuteronomy.23.24">Deut. 23:24). If he fails to fulfill his vow he not only transgressed this positive commandment but also the prohibition to delay its fulfillment (Deuteronomy.23.22">Deut. 23:22.) The usual vow is to bring a sacrifice in the Temple; the natural time to fulfill such a vow is on a festival of sacrifice. As established in the next paragraphs the positive commandment requires that the vow be fulfilled on a holiday (according to the Babli on the first possible occasion, on the next holiday of pilgrimage); the prohibition is violated only if the vow is not fulfilled after three such holidays have passed. For R. Simeon this means 3 holidays in their canonical order, starting with Passover. Babli 4a, Arakhin 3:9" href="/Tosefta_Arakhin.3.9">Tosephta Arakhin3:18..” You find to say sometimes five, sometimes four, sometimes three. Before Pentecost five, before Tabernacles four, before Passover three. “Rebbi Eleazar ben Rebbi Simeon said, only that the holiday of unleavened bread be the last one.59In the Babli 4b and Arakhin 3:9" href="/Tosefta_Arakhin.3.9">Tosephta Arakhin 3:18: Tabernacles.” You find to say sometimes three, sometimes two, sometimes one. But the Sages say, the holiday which happens to be first, on condition that the holidays of one full year have passed60Babli 4b, Arakhin 3:9" href="/Tosefta_Arakhin.3.9">Tosephta Arakhin3:17..
כְּתִיב מִלְּבַד֭ שַׁבְּתוֹת יְי וּמִלְּבַ֣ד מַתְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם וגו׳. אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַֽיי׃ מַה תַלְמוּד לוֹמַר. שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֵין לִי קָרֵב בָּרֶגֶל אֶלָּא קָרְבְּנוֹת הָרֶגֶל בִּלְבַד. מְנַיִין קָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד וְקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּיבּוּר שֶׁהוּקְדְּשׁוּ בָרֶגֶל שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ בָרֶגֶל. שֶׁהוּקְדְּשׁוּ לִפְנֵי הָרֶגֶל שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ בָרֶגֶל. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר מִלְּבַד֭ שַׁבְּתוֹת יְי. אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֭וּ לַֽיי׃ אֵילּוּ עוֹפוֹת וּמְנָחוֹת. לְרַבּוֹת אֶת כּוּלָּם שֶׁיְּהוּ קְרֵיבִין בָּרֶגֶל. יָכוֹל רְשׁוּת. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אֵ֛לֶּה תַּֽעֲשׂ֥וּ לַיֽי בְּמֽוֹעֲדֵיכֶ֑ם. אֵלֶּה. קְבָעָן חוֹבָה שֶׁיְּהוּ כוּלָּן קְרֵיבִין בָרֶגֶל. יָכוֹל בְּאֵי זֶה רֶגֶל שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וּבָ֥אתָ שָּֽׁמָּה וַֽהֲבֵאתֶ֣ם שָׁ֗מָּה. אִם לְהַתִּיר כְּבָר הִתִּיר. אִם לִקְבוֹעַ כְּבָר קָבַע. אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר וּבָ֥אתָ שָּֽׁמָּה וַֽהֲבֵאתֶ֣ם שָׁ֗מָּה. אֶלָּא זֶה רֶגֶל הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁפָּגַעְתָּ בוֹ. יָכוֹל אִם עִיבֵּר אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְלֹא הֵבִיא יְהֵא עוֹבֵר עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם בַּל תְּאַחֵר. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אֵ֛לֶּה תַּֽעֲשׂ֥וּ לַֽיי בְּמֽוֹעֲדֵיכֶ֑ם. אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵר עָלָיו מִשֵּׁם בַּל תְּאַחֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו רַגְלֵי הַשָּׁנָה כוּלָּהּ. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר. שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים כְּסִדְרָן. כֵּיצַד. נָדַר לִפְנֵי הַפֶּסַח. עַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו פֶּסַח וַעֲצֶרֶת וְחָג. נָדַר לִפְנֵי הָעֲצֶרֶת. עַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו עֲצֶרֶת וְחָג וּפֶסַח וַעֲצֶרֶת וְחָג. נָדַר לִפְנֵי הֶחָג. עַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו הֶחָג וּפֶסַח וַעֲצֶרֶת וְחָג. It is written61Leviticus.23.38">Lev. 23:38., in addition to the Sabbaths of the Eternal, and in addition to your gifts, etc., which you will give to the Eternal. For I could think that on a holiday62“Holiday” here always means “holiday of pilgrimage”, to exclude the High Holidays. one brings only the holiday sacrifices63Since in general everything forbidden on the Sabbath is forbidden on a holiday except preparation of food.; from where that sacrifices by a single person or by a community which were dedicated for the holiday shall be brought on the holiday? The verse says, in addition to the Sabbaths of the Eternal, … which you will give to the Eternal64“…” refers to your donations, all your vows, and all your voluntary gifts.. This refers to birds and flour offerings65Which may be obligatory as reparation or purification offerings; for persons far from the Sanctuary they do not require an additional trip. Sifry Num. 152., to add all of them to be brought on the holiday. “I could think that this is voluntary; the verse says66Numbers.29.39">Num.29:39. “These” refer to in addition to your vows, and your voluntary gifts, your elevation offerings, and your flour offerings, and your libations, and your well-being offerings. The plural “your festive occasions” shows that for missing one holiday one cannot transgress “do not delay”; Babli 4b., these you shall do on your festive occasions, ‘these’ are established as duty, that all of them be brought on the holiday. I could think on any holiday of his choosing; the verse says67Deuteronomy.12.5-6">Deut.12:5–6., you shall come there and bring there. If to permit, it already was permitted. If to establish, it already was established. Then why is it said, you shall come there and bring there? This refers to the first holiday which happens to come his way. I could think that one of these passed, he transgressed because ‘do not delay’? The verse says, these you shall do on your festive occasions; he does not transgress because of ‘do not delay’ until the holidays of a full year have passed by him68The sentence is the last in the list of holiday sacrifices for the entire year. Sifry Deut.63.. Rebbi Simeon says three holidays in order. How is this? If he vowed before Passover, only if Passover, and Pentecost, and Tabernacles passed by him. If he vowed before Pentecost, only if Pentecost, and Tabernacles, and Passover, and Pentecost, and Tabernacles passed by him. If he vowed before Tabernacles, only if Tabernacles, and Passover, and Pentecost, and Tabernacles passed by him.”69Sifra Emor Pereq15(1–4).
* Here starts an extensive Genizah fragment edited by L. Ginzberg (G).
בְּעוֹן קוֹמֵי רִבִּי אִילָא. עַד כְּדוֹן בְּעַשֵּׂה. בְּלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה מְנַיִין. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר. וּבָ֥אתָ שָּֽׁמָּה וַֽהֲבֵאתֶ֣ם שָׁ֗מָּה. מָה אֲנָן קַייָמִין. אִם בְּעַשֵּׂה הֲרֵי כְּבָר אָמּור. אֶלָּא אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְייָן בָּעֲשֵׁה תְּנֵיהוּ עִנְייָן בְּלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. פְּסָחִים בִּזְמַנָּן מָהוּ שֶׁיַּעֲבוֹר. אַשְׁכַּחַת תַּנֵּי. פְּסָחִים בִּזְמַנָּן עוֹבֵר. דִּלָא כֵן מָה אֲנָן אָֽמְרִין. אָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. שֶׁלֹּא תֹאמַר שֶׁאִם אָבַד וְנִמְצָא מֵאַחַר שֶׁכִּיפְּרוּ בוֹ הַבְּעָלִים גּוּפוֹ קָרֵב שְׁלָמִים. עַד כְּדוֹן צְרִיכָה. פְּסָחִים בִּזְמַנָּן מָהוּ שֶׁיַּעֲבוֹר. בְּעוֹן קוֹמֵי רִבִּי זְעוּרָא. בֵּין רֶגֶל לָרֶגֶל מָהוּ שֶׁיַּעֲבוֹר. הָתִיב רִבִּי בָּא. וְהָתַנֵּי. חֲגִיגָה שֶׁלֹּא קָֽרְבָה בָרִאשׁוֹן תִּיקָּרֵב בַּשֵּׁינִי וּמַתִּירִין לוֹ לַעֲבוֹר. וְעוֹד מִן הָדָא. וְעָשִׂ֑יתָ בָעֲשֵׁה. תִּשְׁמוֹר בְּלֹא תַעֲשֶׁה. כְּלוּם הוּא עוֹבֵר עַל עֲשֵׁה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׁה. לֹא עַד שֶׁיַּעַבְרוּ עָלָיו שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים. רִבִּי אָבוּן בְּשֵׁם רַבָּנִן דְּתַמָּן. בְּאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי עָלַי עוֹלָה לַהֲבִיאָהּ בַּשֵּׁינִי בַשַּׁבָּת. כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא שֵׁינִי בַשַּׁבָּת וְלֹא הֵבִיאָהּ עוֹבֵר. שָֽׁלְמָה שְׁנָתוֹ אַתְּ מַפִּיל יוֹם הָאַחֲרוֹן וְהוּא עוֹבֵר עַל כָּל־יוֹם וָיוֹם. אִין כֵּינִי. עָֽבְרוּ עָלָיו שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים אַתְּ מַפִּיל אֶת רֶגֶל הָאַחֲרוֹן וְהוּא עוֹבֵר עַל כָּל־רֶגֶל וָרֶגֶל. רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָה בָעֵי. שָֽׁלְמָה שְׁנָתוֹ בָעֲצֶרֶת אֶיפְשַׁר לֹומַר הוּא אֵינוֹ כָשֵׁר וְעוֹבֵר. They asked before Rebbi Ila, so far for a commandment. From where a prohibition? The verse says67Deuteronomy.12.5-6">Deut.12:5–6., you shall come there and bring there. Where do we hold? If for a commandment, it already had been said66Numbers.29.39">Num.29:39. “These” refer to in addition to your vows, and your voluntary gifts, your elevation offerings, and your flour offerings, and your libations, and your well-being offerings. The plural “your festive occasions” shows that for missing one holiday one cannot transgress “do not delay”; Babli 4b.. But if it cannot refer to a commandment, refer it to a prohibition. *Does one transgress about a Pesaḥ sacrifice at its proper time70If an animal was dedicated to be used as Pesaḥ and intentionally it was not used, it cannot be used the next year since it will be too old. It cannot be used as well-being sacrifice since it does not qualify under the rules spelled out in Pesaḥim. Therefore the three-holiday rule is not applicable in this case, and the three-holiday rule is not applicable in all cases. (The animal could be sold immediately for a sacrifice and the money used to buy an animal as well-being sacrifice to which the three-holiday rule would apply.)? It was found stated, about Pesaḥ sacrifice at its proper time one transgresses. If it were otherwise, what would we say? Rebbi Samuel, the son of Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, that you should not say that since if it was lost and found after the owner was exculpated, its body is brought as well-being offering71Pesachim 9:5" href="/Mishnah_Pesachim.9.5">Mishnah Pesaḥim9:5, Note 82., therefore it was a question whether one transgresses about a Pesaḥ sacrifice at its proper time72Since if the omission is not intentional the three-holiday rule would apply.. They asked before Rebbi Ze`ira, does one transgress between one holiday and the next73Since the obligation of actually bringing the sacrifice is restricted to the holiday week (in the case of Pentecost, which has no week, the holiday and the following six days.)? Rebbi Abba objected, was it not stated, a holiday offering which was not brought on the first shall be brought on the second; does one permit him to transgress74Therefore the question asked before R. Ze`ira has to be answered in the negative.? In addition from the following: You shall do75Deuteronomy.23.24">Deut. 23:24; the source about vows in general., a positive commandment. Guard75Deuteronomy.23.24">Deut. 23:24; the source about vows in general., a prohibition. Does he not transgress a positive commandment and a prohibition only after three holidays76As established in the preceding paragraph.? Rebbi Abun in the name of the rabbis there: If one said, I take upon me the obligation to bring an elevation offering on Monday. Once Monday has passed and he did not bring it, he transgresses77This is another case in which the three- holiday rule is inoperative. If a specific date was mentioned in the vow, once the date is passed the vow is not fulfilled.. If its year is complete you cast down the last day and he transgresses every single day78This is a different case, similar to that of Pesaḥ. All animals destined for the altar have age limits. If an animal was vowed to the altar but its age limit was reached before it was sacrificed, the vow cannot be fulfilled anymore and is broken irrespective of the three-holiday rule.. If it is so, if three holidays have passed you cast down the last holiday and he transgresses every single holiday. Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya asked, if its year was completed on Pentecost, is it possible to say it is not qualified and he transgresses79Since on the holiday itself only the holiday offerings may be slaughtered, and on the following days the animal already would be too old, the animal would have to be offered on the day preceding the holiday. (The same statement could have been made for any other holiday.)?
כְּהָדָא לֹא יָלִ֥ין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּי֭ עַד־בּוֹקֶר: וְאֵימוֹרֵי חוֹל קְרֵיבִין בְּיוֹם טוֹב. אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ. קִייַמְתִּיהָ בְּשֶׁחָל אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר לִהְיוֹת בַּשַּׁבָּת. אֵין חֲגִיגָה בָאָה עִמּוֹ. אָֽמְרָה תוֹרָה. הַקְרִיבֵהוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יָבוֹא לִידֵי בַּל תָּלִין. וְהָכָא. הַקְרִיבֵהוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יָבוֹא לִידֵי בַּל תְּאַחֵר. אָמַר רִבִּי חִינְנָא. אִילּוּ עָבַר וְהֵבִיא שֶׁמָּא אֵינוֹ כָשֵׁר. מֵאַחַר שֶׁאִילּוּ עָבַר וְהֵבִיא כָּשֵׁר עוֹבֵר. As this: 80This paragraph also appears word for word in Pesachim 6:1:14" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Pesachim.6.1.14">Pesaḥim6:5, Notes 42–48.The fat of my holiday offering shall not stay until the morning81Exodus.23.18">Ex. 23:18. The first part of the verse is about slaughtering the Pesaḥ. The second part quoted here explicitly mentions the holiday offering, the required family sacrifice on the occasion of the holiday pilgrimage, but is interpreted to include the fat of the Pesaḥ.. But could parts from weekday be brought on a holiday82Since the 15th of Nisan is a holiday, it seems obvious that parts of a sacrifice brought on the 14th have to be burned before the start of the holiday; the verse seems to be meaningless.? Rebbi Abbahu said, I confirmed it, if the Fourteenth fell on a Sabbath. <rebbi yose asked, if the fourteenth fell on a sabbath,>83Missing in the ms., added from G. In Pesaḥim the name is R. Jonah. no holiday offering comes with it, that the Torah has to say, bring it to the altar when it is still daylight lest it come to “not stay”84Even if we restrict the meaning of the sentence to holiday offerings, since there is none if the 14th falls on a Sabbath, the explanation of R. Abbahu seems pointless.? And here, bring it to the altar when it is still daylight lest it come to “not tarry”79Since on the holiday itself only the holiday offerings may be slaughtered, and on the following days the animal already would be too old, the animal would have to be offered on the day preceding the holiday. (The same statement could have been made for any other holiday.). Rebbi Ḥinena said, if he transgressed and brought, is it not qualified85This argument that a holiday offering, brought in error on the 14th which is a Sabbath, is qualified and the person who brought it is not liable for a Sabbath infraction, is not found in the Babli and the surviving Tosephta mss.; it is quoted as R. Meïr’s opinion in the Tosephta of the Bomberg Babli, Pesachim 5:4:2-12" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Pesachim.5.4.2-12">Pesaḥim5:4.? Since it is qualified if he transgressed and brought, he would transgress86If one brings a holiday offering on a 14th which is a Sabbath, the explanation of R. Abbahu applies. The verse is not meaningless..
כְּתוּב לִפְנֵי֩ יְי אֱלֹהֶ֤יךָ תֹֽאכְלֶ֨נּוּ֙ שָׁנָ֣ה בְשָׁנָ֔ה. שָׁנָה לוֹ וְשָׁנָה לִתְמוּרָתוֹ. שָׁנָה לְתָם וְשָׁנָה לְבַעַל מוּם. שָׁנָה לַבְּכוֹר וְשָׁנָה בַקֳּדָשִׁים. שָׁנָ֣ה בְשָׁנָ֔ה. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר נֶאֱכַל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלִשְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים. הֵיךְ עֲבִידָא. שׁוֹחֲטוֹ בְעֶרֶב רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְאוֹכְלוֹ עֶרֶב רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וּבְרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. נוֹלַד לוֹ [מוּם] בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנָתוֹ רַשַּׁאי לְקַייְמוֹ לְאַחַר שְׁנָתוֹ עַד חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם. אָמַר רִבִּי אִילָא. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת שֶׁאֵין שְׁנָתוֹ שֶׁלְבַּעַל מוּם מְחוּוֶרֶת. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַייְעָא לְרִבִּי אִילָא. הַבְּכוֹר בִּזְמַן הַזֶּה רַשַּׁאי לְקַייְמוֹ אֲפִילוּ אַרְבַּע וְחָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים עַד שֶׁלֹּא הַרְאֵהוּ לְמוּמְחֶה. מַה אֲנָן קַייָמִין. אִם לְתָם הָא כְבָר אָמוּר. אֶלָּא אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְייָן לְתָם תְּנֵיהוּ עִנְייָן לְבָעָל מוּם. אֶחָד בְּכוֹר וְאֶחָד כָּל־הַקֳּדָשִׁים עוֹבֵר עֲלֵיהֶם מִשֵּׁם רְגָלִים בְּלֹא שָׁנָה. שָׁנָה בְלֹא רְגָלִים. נִיחָא רְגָלִים בְּלֹא שָׁנָה. שָׁנָה בְלֹא רְגָלִים. תַּמָּן אָֽמְרִין. תִּיפְתָּר שֶׁהָיָה מְחוּסָּר זְמַן לַפֶּסַח. כְּמַה דְאַתְּ אָמַר תַּמָּן. הָרָאוּי לְמִקְצַת שָׁנָה רָאוּי לְכוּלָּהּ. וְאֱמוֹר אוּף הָכָא. הָרָאוּי לְמִקְצַת הַפֶּסַח רָאוּי לְכוּלּוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא מָרִי. תִּיפְתָּר שֶׁהָֽיְתָה עֲצֶרֶת הַבָּאָה בַחֲמִשָּׁה וְנוֹלַד בָּשִּׁשָּׁה וְהָֽיְתָה עֲצֶרֶת הַבָּאָה בַשִּׁבְעָה. It is written87Deuteronomy.15.20">Deut. 15:20, referring to the firstling of animals acceptable on the altar.: Before the Eternal, your God, you shall eat it year by year. A year for itself, and a year for its substitution88While it is prohibited to substitute another animal for one that either was dedicated or is automatically dedicated (such as the firstling or the tithe animal), the substitution is not invalid but the substituted animal becomes dedicated under the rules applying to the original one (Leviticus.27.10">Lev.27:10), but for the substitute the year is counted only from its dedication.. A year for the unblemished and a year for the blemished89Since the defective firstling also may not be used for work but must be consumed as profane food, the time limit imposed on the unblemished firstling, one year, also applies to the blemished one. Sifry Deut. 124.. A year for the firstling and a year for sancta90A dedicated animal must be sacrificed within one year, even if this year does not comprise three holidays, as explained in the sequel.. Year by year, this teaches that the firstling is eaten for two days91While for all sacrifices detailed in Lev. the maximum time allowed for consumption is indicated, nothing is stated in this respect for the firstling, whose rules are given in Ex. and Deut. From the double mention of “years” it is inferred that the firstling can be eaten in two different years and therefore also on two different days. Accordingly, it may be eaten on 2 consecutive days and this therefore also is the maximum. Sifry Deut. 125; Bekhorot.27b">Babli Bekhorot 27b, Temurah.21b">Temurah21b. and two years. How is this? If he slaughtered it on the eve of New Year’s day and ate it on the eve of New Year’s day and on New Year’s Day. Rebbi Ismael stated: If it developed [a blemish] on the fifteenth day of its year, he is permitted to keep it after its year another fifteen days. Rebbi Ila said, this implies that a year for the blemished one is not clear92The deduction from the verse is informal support for common practice, not an explicit biblical rule.. Rebbi Yose said, a baraita supports Rebbi Ila: Today93In the absence of a Temple. Bekhorot.28a">Babli Bekhorot28a. one is permitted to keep a firstling for four or five years before one shows it to an expert. Where do we hold? If for an unblemished one, it already has been said94Since nothing can be done with a male firstling of cattle and sheep than to bring it as a sacrifice and eat it in purity, in the absence of a Temple, by the simple meaning of the verse it has to be kept indefinitely until it develops a blemish. Therefore the only new information of the baraita is that even as blemished animal it can be kept indefinitely, and need not immediately to be certified by a competent authority as blemished and permitted to be slaughtered and consumed.. But if it cannot refer to the unblemished one, let it refer to the blemished. Both for the firstling and for any sancta one transgresses because of holidays without a year, and because of a year without holidays. One understands holidays without year95Following the Sages, the sequence of three holidays always is less than a year. Babli 6b.. Year without holidays? There96In Babylonia., they said, explain it if it was too young for Passover97No animal may be sacrificed younger than 8 days old (Leviticus.22.27">Lev. 22:27). If the animal was born shortly before Pesaḥ it becomes a possible sacrifice only later. By the time of the next Pesaḥ, more than a year will have elapsed.. As you are saying there, what is suitable for part of the year is suitable for the year98As will be shown in the next paragraph, the year of the firstling is counted from the date of its birth, not the date of its becoming an acceptable sacrifice; disputed by the Babli, 6b/7a., so say here also, what is suitable for part of Passover is suitable for Passover99Since the additional sacrifices of a pilgrim to the Temple must be brought during the holiday week, not on the first day, there is no reason to count Passover as valid first holiday in the sequence. Therefore the Babylonian argument is incorrect.. Rebbi Abba Mari said, explain it that the coming Pentecost was on the fifth, it was born on the sixth, and the next Pentecost was on the seventh.100This presupposes a variable calendar, based on observation of the new moon. Pentecost is the 50th day after the first day of Passover. In the current calendar, where Nisan always has 30 days and Iyar 29, Pentecost is on the 6th of Siwan. If both months have 29 days, it will be on the 7th; if both have 30 days, it will be on the 5th. Babli 6b; cf. Rosh Hashanah 1:4:2-3" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Rosh_Hashanah.1.4.2-3">Halakhah 4.
רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָה בְעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי זְעוּרָה. כָּתוּב לֹ֧א יְבַקֵּ֛ר בֵּין־ט֥וֹב לָרַע֖. עָבַר וּבִיקֵּר מָהוּ שֶׁיַּעֲבוֹר. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁבָּא לְהַתִּיר אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵר. מַה בָא לְהַתִּיר. כָּאן הִתִּירָה הַתּוֹרָה לְהַקְדִּישׁ בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי מֵבִיא שָׁלשׁ בְּהֵמוֹת. חַטָּאת וְאָשָׁם וְעוֹלָה. וְהַדַּל הָיָה מֵבִיא חַטַּאת הָעוֹף וְעוֹלַת הָעוֹף׃ וְאֵין חַטַּאת הָעוֹף מְחוּסֶּרֶת זְמַן אֶצֶל אָשָׁם. אָמַר רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר. כָּאן הִתִּירָה הַתּוֹרָה לְהַקְדִּישׁ מְחוּסְּרֵי זְמַן. רִבִּי בָּא בַּר מָמָל בְּעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי אִימִּי. כָּתוּב בַּשְּׁמִינִי יָבִיא. עָבַר וְלֹא הֵבִיא מָהוּ שֶׁיַּעֲבוֹר. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁבָּא לְהַתִּיר אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵר. מַה בָא לְהַתִּיר. כַּהִיא דְאָמַר רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר. כָּאן הִתִּירָה הַתּוֹרָה לְהַקְדִּישׁ מְחוּסַּר זְמַן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵירִבִּי בּוּן. כָּל־שִׁבְעָה אֵין אוֹמֵר לוֹ. הֲבֵא. מִיכָּן וְאֵילָךְ אוֹמֵר לוֹ. הֲבֵא. מַתְנִיתָא פְלִיגָא עַל רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵירִבִּי בּוּן. כּוּלְּהֹם מִתְכַּווְנִין וּמְבִיאִין קָרְבְּנוֹתֵיהֶן בָּרֶגֶל. נִיחָא נָזִיר. מְצוֹרָע לֹא מְחוּסָּר כִּיפּוּרִים הוא. וְהָא תַנִּינָן. הַהַלֵּל וְהַשִּׂמְחָה שְׁמוֹנָה. פָּתַר לַהּ בַּנָּזִיר. רִבִּי זְכַרְיָה חַתְנֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי לֵוִי בָעֵי. רֹאשָׁהּ אַתּוּן פָּֽתְרִין בְּנָזִיר וְסֵיפָא בִמְצוֹרָע. אָמַר רִבִּי חֲנַנָיָה בְרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי הִילֵּל. לֹא כְבָר אִיתְּתָבַת תַּמָּן. וְאָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. קִייְמָהּ רַב אֶבְדוּמָא נְחוּתָה בַכֹּהֲנִים בַּשָּׂעִיר. אוֹף הָכָא הַכֹּהֲנִים בַּשָּׂעִיר. Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya asked before Rebbi Ze`ira: It is written101Leviticus.27.33">Lev. 27:33. When one counts the calves or lambs born in one tax year, the tenth must be consumed, if unblemished as a sacrifice (of which the altar gets the blood but the Cohanim nothing); if blemished as profane food., do not investigate between good or bad. If he transgressed and investigated, does he transgress102If one transgressed the biblical injunction and substituted an unblemished animal for a blemished one, both animals are dedicated (Leviticus.27.34">Lev. 27:34). The question now is whether he transgresses the commandment “do not tarry” unless the substituted animal was sacrificed within one year or before three holidays have elapsed.? He told him, for anything which comes to permit one does not transgress. What does it come to permit? Here the Torah permitted to dedicate deficient animals103Since the sanctity of the tithe is conferred on the substituted animal even if it is blemished and the original unblemished.. There, we have stated104Mishnah Nega`im14:7; the purification ritual of the healed sufferer from skin disease (Leviticus.14.1-32">Lev. 14:1–32.): “On the eighth day he brings three animals, purification sacrifice, reparation sacrifice, and elevation sacrifice. But the poor man brought birds as reparation and elevation offerings.” Is not the bird105This word is missing in G and it seems that it should be deleted. It is stated in Leviticus.14.10">Lev. 14:10 that the rich sufferer from skin disease brings two undifferentiated male sheep and one female. The female automatically is the purification offering; of the males one will be designated by the Cohen as reparation offering and the other as elevation offering. Therefore the dedication of the purification offering precedes that of the reparation offering. Now Zevachim 10:5" href="/Mishnah_Zevachim.10.5">Mishnah Zevaḥim10:5 notes that while in general purification offerings precede reparation ones, for the healed sufferer from skin disease this is not so since the ritual described in vv.14–18 is the prerequisite for the other two sacrifices. Therefore the dedication of the purification offering which is not a bird happens at a time when the animal cannot be sacrificed. In the case of the poor man, the birds for purification and elevation offerings are dedicated after the lamb of the reparation offering; the argument is not applicable. as reparation offering deficient in time next to the reparation offering? Rebbi Eleazar said, here the Torah did permit to dedicate those deficient in time. Rebbi Abba bar Mamal asked before Rebbi Immi: It is written106Numbers.6.10">Num. 6:10, sacrifices of the impure nazir., on the eighth he shall bring. If he transgressed and did not bring, does he transgress107As before, if the impure nazir does not bring his sacrifices on the eighth day, would he transgress “do not tarry” if he waited more than 3 holidays or one year to bring them?? He told him, for anything which comes to permit one does not transgress. What does it come to permit? As Rebbi Eleazar said, here the Torah did permit to dedicate those deficient in time108As for the healed sufferer from skin disease.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, all seven days one does not tell him, bring. Afterwards one tells him, bring109He disagrees and holds that both the healed sufferer from skin disease and the impure nazir transgress the prohibition “do not tarry” immediately at the end of the eighth day.. A baraita disagrees with Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun: Everybody plans and brings his sacrifices on the holiday110It is presumed that anybody making a vow to offer a sacrifice from the start intends to fulfill his vow on a holiday of pilgrimage; the same holds for obligatory sacrifices whose obligations arise in the meantime.. One understands a nazir. Is the sufferer from skin disease not missing atonement111The nazir who was impure by the impurity of the dead is purified by sprinkling with water containing ashes of the Red Cow and immersion in a miqweh; his sacrifice on the eighth day is the start of his new period of nezirut. He may bring his holiday offering on the holiday itself and later his nazir offering during the holiday week. But for the sufferer from skin disease the reparation offering is required to permit him access to the Temple domain; by necessity this would have to occur before the holiday for him to make a valid pilgrimage.? And did we not state112Sukkah 4:1:1-3" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sukkah.4.1.1-3">Mishnah Sukkah4:1. As explained there in Halakhah 4, if the first day of the holiday is a Sabbath, the festival offering which is the symbol of joy may be brought only on the second day, and there would only be 7 days of joy., Hallel and joy eight? Explain it for a nazir. Rebbi Sachariah the son-in-law of Rebbi Levi asked, the beginning one explains for a nazir and the end for a sufferer from skin disease113This refers to Sukkah 4:5:1" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sukkah.4.5.1">Mishnah Sukkah4:6. Eight days of joy are possible for the nazir(if the first day of the holiday is not a Sabbath), but the last day also is accessible to the sufferer from skin disease who brings his enabling sacrifice during the holiday week.? Rebbi Ḥanania the son of Rebbi Hillel said, was this not already objected there? And Rebbi Yose said, Rav Eudaimon the emigrant explained it for Cohanim and the goat. Here also, Cohanim and the goat114As explained in Sukkah 4:5:3" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sukkah.4.5.3">Sukkah4:5, Note 82. Eight days of joy (i. e., eating sacrificial meat) always is possible for the Cohanim in the Temple. Since it is not implied that everybody is required to have 8 days of access to sacrificial meat, there is no problem with the healed sufferer from skin disease: he may bring his enabling sacrifice during the holiday week and the holiday is counted for him..
רִבִּי חַגַּיי בְעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. כָּתוּב וּבַיּ֖וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֑י יִמּ֖וֹל. עָבַר וְלֹא מָל. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כִּֽי־תִדֹּ֥ר נֶ֨דֶר֙ לַֽיי אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ לֹ֥א תְאַחֵר֭ לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ. דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא נִיתַּן לְתַשְׁלוּמִין. יָצָא זֶהּ שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִיתַּן לְתַשְׁלוּמִין. לֹ֥א תְאַחֵר֭ לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ. וְלֹא אֶת חֲלִיפָּיו. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. וְאֶל־פֶּ֜תַח אוֹהֶל מוֹעֵד֘ לֹ֣א הֱבִיאוֹ֒ וְלֹא אֶת חֲלִיפָּיו. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. פִּירְשָׁהּ לֵוִי בֶּן סִיסִי קוֹמֵי רִבִּי. בְּאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי עָלַי עוֹלָה. וְעָֽבְרוּ עָלֶיהָ שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים וְהֵבִיא אֲחֶרֶת וְהִקְרִיבָהּ מִיַּד. הָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר. יִיפָּטֵר מִן הָרִאשׁוֹנָה. לְפוּם כֵּן צָרַךְ מֵימַר לֹ֥א תְאַחֵר֭ לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ. וְלֹא חֲלִיפָּיו. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. [אִם] בָּאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי עָלַי. מִיַּד הוּא עוֹבֵר. אֶלָּא כֵן אֲנָן קַייָמִין. בָּאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹלָה. וְעָֽבְרוּ עָלֶיהָ שְׁנֵי רְגָלִים וְהֵבִיא אֲחֶרֶת [תַּחְתֶּיהָ וְלֹא הִקְרִיבָהּ מִיַּד] וְעְבַר עָלֶיהָ רֶגֶל שְׁלִישִׁי. הָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר. תִּצְטָרֵף עִם תְּמוּרָהּ שְׁלֹשָׁה רְגָלִים. לְפוּם כֵּן צָרַךְ מֵימַר לֹ֥א תְאַחֵר֭ לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ וְלֹא אֶת חֲלִיפָּיו. Rebbi Ḥaggai asked before Rebbi Yose: It is written115Leviticus.12.3">Lev. 12:3., and on the eighth day one shall circumcise. If he transgressed and did not circumcise? He answered him, if you make a vow to the Eternal, your God, do not tarry to fulfill it116Deuteronomy.23.22">Deut. 23:22.. A matter which is subject to replacement117The root שלם not only means “to fulfill, to pay” but also “to give in replacement”. This is read to mean that the prohibition to tarry in fulfilling a vow is restricted to cases where the way of fulfilling depends on the person making the vow. In contrast the obligation to circumcise one’s sons is fixed and not given to the discretion of the circumciser; the obligation not to tarry does not apply.. It excludes this which is not subject to replacement. Do not tarry to fulfill it, but not its substitute118Since the verse says do not tarry to fulfill it, not simply do not tarry to fulfill. Sifry Deut. 264.. As it was stated: and to the gate of the Tent of Meeting he did not bring it119Leviticus.17.4">Lev. 17:4; same argument as before., but not its replacement. Rebbi Jonah said, Levi ben Sisi explained it before Rebbi: If one said, upon me is the obligation of an elevation offering. There passed three holidays and he brought another one120The text is elliptic. First it is stated that he makes the vow “to bring an עוֹלָה” without specifying a particular animal. Then is stated “another”, which implies that in the meantime he had dedicated an animal for his vow, but did not use it for the sacrifice. and sacrificed it immediately. I would say, he is freed from the first one. Therefore it was necessary to say, do not tarry to fulfill it, but not its substitute121After one animal is dedicated for the vow, any other animal is an unrelated sacrifice.. Rebbi Yose said, if he said, upon me is the obligation, he transgresses immediately122After three holidays.. But we must hold about one who says, this one shall be an elevation offering123Which now is not a vow but a voluntary offering, also subject to the three-holiday rule.. There passed two holidays and he brought another one [in its stead but did not sacrifice it immediately]124Corrector’s addition; to be deleted as shown by G. and there passed by another holiday for it. I would say that it combines with its replacement for three holidays. Therefore it was necessary to say, do not tarry to fulfill it, but not its substitute125The substitute being a separate offering, its term of 3 holidays only starts with its dedication. Differently Babli 5b..
כִּֽי־דָרוֹשׁ יִדְרְשֶׁ֜נּוּ. אֵילּוּ חַטָּאוֹת וָאֲשָׁמוֹת. יְי אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙. זֶה הֶקְדֵּשׁ בֶּדֶק הַבַּיַת. מֵֽעִמָּ֔ךְ. זֶה לֶקֶט שִׁכְחָה וּפֵיאָה. וְהָיָ֥ה בְךָ֖ חֵֽטְא. וְלֹא בְקָרְבָּֽנְךָ חֵטְא. דִּלָא כֵן מָה אֲנָן אָֽמְרִין. אָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. שֶׁלֹּא תֹאמַר. שֶׁמָּא יִמְצָא זֶבַח פָּסוּל. לְפוּם כֵּן צָרַךְ מֵימַר (לֹ֥א תְאַחֵר֭ לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ וְלֹא אֶת חֲלִיפָּיו.) [וְהָיָ֥ה בְךָ֖ חֵֽטְא. בְּךָ וְלֹא בְקָרְבָּֽנְךָ חֵטְא.] מוֹצָ֥א שְׂפָתֶי֖ךָ תִּשְׁמוֹר וְעָשִׂ֑יתָ. תִּשְׁמוֹר וְעָשִׂ֑יתָ. לְהַזְהִיר בֵּית דִּין שֶׁיַּעַשּׂוּךָ. רַבָּנִן דְּקַיְסָרִין בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי אָבוּנָא. מִיכְּן לְמַשְׁכּוֹן. כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֜רְתָּ לַֽיי אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ נְדָבָ֔ה. וְיֵשׁ נֶדֶר קָרוּי נְדָבָה. אֶלָּא לְחַייֵב עַל כָּל־נֶדֶר וָנֶדֶר וְעַל כָּל־נְדָבָה וּנָדָבָה. אֵי זֶהוּ נֶדֶר שֶׁאָֽמְרוּ. הָאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי עָלַי עוֹלָה. אֵי זֶהוּ נְדָבָה שֶׁאָֽמְרוּ. הָאוֹמֵר. הֲרֵי זוֹ עוֹלָה. רִבִּי חָמָא חַבְרֵהוֹן דְּרַבָּנִן בָּעֵי. אָמַר. הֲרֵי עָלַי. וְחָזַר וְאָמַר. הֲרֵי זוֹ. רִבִּי חִינְנָא בָעֵי. לֹא מִסְתַּבְּרָא דִּי לֹא אָמַר. הֲרֵי זוֹ. וְחָזַר וְאָמַר. הֲרֵי עָלַי. אִיסּוּר חָמוּר חָל עַל אִיסּוּר קַל. אֵין אִיסּוּר קַל חָל עַל אִיסּוּר חָמוּר. 126Babli 5b, Sifry Deut. 164.“For demanding will demand127Deuteronomy.23.22">Deut. 23:22., these are purification and reparation offerings128Which are obligations demanded by God and cannot be objects of vows. Once the obligation is incurred, it has to be discharged within 3 holidays or one year.. The Eternal, your God, this is dedication for the upkeep of the Temple. From with you, this is collecting single stalks, forgotten sheaves, and peah129Since it is an obligation to support the poor with you(Exodus.22.24">Ex. 22:24); explanation of Rashi.. Or there would be sin in you, but no sin in your sacrifice130As explained in the text, the sacrifice remains qualified even if brought too late..” For otherwise what would we say? Rebbi Samuel the son of Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, that you should not say, maybe the sacrifice will be found disqualified; therefore it was necessary to say, (do not tarry to fulfill it, and not its substitute) [there would be sin in you, but no sin in your sacrifice.]131As shown by G, the (scribe’s text) is correct, [the corrector’s text] has to be deleted. The pronouncement of your lips you shall guard and execute132Deuteronomy.23.24">Deut. 23:24; Sifry Deut. 165. Babli 6a.. “You shall guard and execute, to alert the court that they should force you.133A vow is an obligation enforceable in court.” The rabbis of Caesarea in the name of Rebbi Avuna: From here the pledge134Sheqalim and other obligations to the Temple can be enforced by forcibly taking pledges from the debtor’s property.. As you vowed to the Eternal, your God, a voluntary gift. Is there a vow which is called voluntary gift135In rabbinic legal terminology, the sentence is self-contradictory since it equated vows with voluntary donations, which have different legal status.? But to make him liable for each single vow and every single voluntary gift. “What is the vow about which they spoke? He who says, on me is the obligation for an elevation offering136His obligation is extinguished only by the offering of a qualified animal as sacrifice, irrespective of other circumstances.. What is the voluntary gift about which they spoke? He who says, this one is for an elevation offering.”138Mishnah Qinnim1:1. Babli 6a, Megillah.8a">Megillah8a, Chullin.139a">Ḥulin139a. Rebbi Ḥama the colleague of the rabbis asked, if he said, “on me is the obligation”, and came back and said, “this one is”139Is this a new obligation or is it a dedication of a specific animal intended to fulfill its prior general obligation? It is presumed that the second statement immediately follows the first.? Rebbi Ḥinena asked, would it not be reasonable if he said, “this one is”, and came back and said, “on me is the obligation”? A severe prohibition falls one a simple prohibition but a simple prohibition does not fall on a severe prohibition140In the second case, the voluntary gift is transformed into a vow. In the first case, the vow is not transformed into a voluntary gift..
הוֹסִיפוּ עֲלֵיהֶן שְׂכַר בָּתִּים וּתְרוּמַת שְׁקָלִים. שְׂכַר בָּתִּים. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. וְהוּא שֶׁאָמַר. שָׁנָה זוֹ. אָבָל אִם אָמַר. שָׁנָה אַחַת. נוֹתֵן מֵעֵת לָעֵת. וּתְרוּמַת שְׁקָלִים. כַּהִיא דְאָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר יִצְחָק. כַּתְּחִילָּתָהּ. וַיְהִ֞י בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הָֽרִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּשָּׁנָ֥ה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחוֹדֶשׁ הוּקַ֖ם הַמִּשְׁכָּֽן: וְתַנֵּי עֲלָהּ. בַּיּוֹם שֶׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן בּוֹ בַיּוֹם נִתְרְמָה הַתְּרוּמָה. רִבִּי טָבִי רִבִּי יֹאשַׁיָהוּ בְשֵׁם כַּהֲנָא. נֶאֱמַר כָּאן חָדְשֵׁי וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן חָדְשֵׁי. מַה חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁבַק רִבִּי טָבִי רֹאשָׁהּ וְאָמַר סוֹפָא. דִּלֹא כֵן כַּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. זֹ֣את עוֹלַת חוֹדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁ֔ו. יָכוֹל יְהֵא תוֹרֵם בְּכָל־חוֹדֶשׁ וָחוֹדֶשׁ. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בְּחָדְשׁ֔וֹ לְחָדְשֵׁי֭. בְּחוֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד הוּא תוֹרֵם לְכָל־חוֹדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה. יָכוֹל בְּאֵיזֶה חוֹדֶשׁ שֶׁיִּרְצֵֶה. נֶאֱמַר כָּאן חָדְשֵׁי וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן חָדְשֵׁי. מַה חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. “They added to them141To the list of items for which the first of Nisan is the beginning of a new year. the lease of houses and the heave of sheqalim.”142Tosephta 1:1, Babli 7a. The lease of houses. Rebbi Jonah said, only if he said, this year. But if he said, one year, he pays from date to date143If the lease is for “this year” it means a calendar year. Since rent usually is paid monthly, the next year starts with the first month. But if the lease is for “one year”, it runs from one date to the same date the following year. Tosephta 1:5, Babli 7b.. The heave of sheqalim, 144From here to the end of the paragraph the text is from Sheqalim1:1, Notes 11–16. as Rebbi Samuel ben Isaac said, as at its start: It was in the First month of the Second year, on the first of the month, that the Sanctuary was erected145Exodus.40.17">Ex. 40:17.. It was stated hereto, on the day the Sanctary was erected, on the same day the contribution was collected. Rebbi Tabi, Rebbi Yoshia in the name of Cahana. It is said here months, and it is said there, months. Since months mentioned there are only counted from Nisan, so also months mentioned here are only counted from Nisan. Rebbi Jonah said, Rebbi Tabi left out the start and only quoted the end; this is not done since it was stated146Numbers.28.14">Num. 28:14.: This is theelevation sacrifice for a month at its New Moon. I could think that one should collect every month, the verse says at its New Moon for the months; at one New Moon one collects for all months of the year. I could think, on any month of his choosing, it is said here months, and it is said there months. Since months mentioned there are only counted from Nisan, so also months mentioned here are only counted from Nisan.
תַּמָּן תַּנִּינְן. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר. בְּאֶחָד בֶּאֱלוּל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה. בֶּן עַזַּאי אוֹמֵר הָאֱלוּלִיִּים מִתְעַשְּרִין בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן׃ אָמַר רַב חוּנָה. טַעֲמֵיהּ דְרִבִּי מֵאִיר. עַד כָּאן הֵן מִתְמַצּוֹת לֵילֵד מְן הַיְּשָׁנוֹת. מִיכָּאן וָהֵילַךְ הֵן מַתְחִילוֹת לֵילֵד מִן הַחֲדָשׁוֹת. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן בְּשֵׁם רַב חוּנָה. טַעֲמֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי לָֽעְזָר וְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. לָבְשׁ֬וּ כָרִ֨ים | הַצֹּ֗אן אֵילּוּ הַבְּכִירוֹת. וַֽעֲמָקִ֥ים יַֽעַטְפוּ־בָ֑ר אֵילּוּ הָאֲפֵילוֹת. יִ֝תְרֽוֹעֲע֗וּ אַף־יָשִֽׁירוּ׃ אֵילּוּ וָאִילּוּ נִכְנָסִין לַדִּיר לְהִתְעַשֵּׂר. אָמַר בֶּן עַזַּאי. הוֹאִיל וְאֵילּוּ אוֹמְרִים כָּךְ וְאֵילּוּ אוֹמְרִים כָּךְ יְהוּ הָאֱלוּלֵייִם מִתְעַשְּרִין בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן׃ הָא כֵיצַד. נוֹלַד לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה בְאַב וַחֲמִשָּׁה בָאֱלוּל וַחֲמִשָּׁה בְתִשְׁרֵי אֵינָן מצְטָֽרְפִין. נוֹלַד לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה בְאַב וַחֲמִשָּׁה בְתִשְׁרֵי הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מִצְטָֽרְפִין. [זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת שֶׁבֶּן עַזַּאי חָבֵר וְתַלְמִיד הָיָה לוֹ לְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָא]. וּבֶן עַזַּאי מַכְרִיעַ עַל דִּבְרֵי תַלְמִידָיו. רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה רִבִּי מַייְשָׁא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק. שֶׁכֵּן נֶחְלְקוּ עָלֵיהָ אָבוֹת הָעוֹלָם. מָאן אִינּוּן אָבוֹת הָעוֹלְם. תַנָּא רִבִּי יוֹנָה קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה. רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת. בֶּן עַזַּאי תַּלְמִיד וְחָבֵר הָיָה לְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. אִין תֵּימַר רַבֵּיהּ. אִית בַּר נַשׁ אֲמַר לְרַבֵּיהּ. [הוֹאִיל וְאֵלּוּ אָמַר כֵּן וְאֵלּוּ אָמַר כֵּן. רִבִּי אָבָּהוּ בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק שָׁמַע לָהּ מִן הָדָא. אָמַר לוֹ בֶּן עַזַּאי. עַל הַחֲלוּקִין אֲנוּ מִצְטָעֲרִין אֶלָּא שֶׁבָּאתָ לַחֲלוֹק עָלִינוּ אֶת הַשָּׁוִין. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת. בֶּן עַזַּאי חָבֵר וְתַלְמִיד הָיָה לְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָא. אִין תֵּימַר רַבֵּיהּ. אִית בַּר נַשׁ אֲמַר לְרַבֵּיהּ.] אֶלָּא שֶׁבָּאתָה לַחֲלוֹק כול׳. 148This text is from Sheqalim3:1, Notes 13–20, q. v. There, we have stated: “Rebbi Meïr says, on the first of Elul is the New Year for animal tithes. Ben Azzai says, those born in Elul are to be tithed separately.” Rebbi Ḥuna said, The reason of Rebbi Meïr: Up to that point they finish to give birth from the old ones; after that they start to give birth from the new ones. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun in the name of Rav Huna: The reason of Rebbi Eleazar and Rebbi Simeon, the rams are mounting the ewes, these are the early ones, and the valleys are clothed in grain, these are the late ones, they are friends and also are tithed, both enter the corral to be tithed. Ben Azzai said, since these are saying this and those are saying that, those born in Elul should be tithed by themselves. How is this? If there were born in his flock five in Av, five in Elul, and five in Tishre, they do not combine. If there were born in his flock five in Av and five in Tishre, they combine. [This implies that Ben Azzai was colleague and student of Rebbi Aqiba]149Corrector’s addition, erroneous as shown by the text in Sheqalim. and Ben Azzai decides between his students. Rebbi Jeremiah, Rebbi Miasha in the name of Rebbi Samuel bar Rav Isaac: For so disagreed the fathers of the world. Who are the fathers of the world? Rebbi Jonah stated before Rebbi Jeremiah: Rebbi Ismael and Rebbi Aqiba. This implies that Ben Azzai was colleague and student of Rebbi Aqiba. If you are saying that he was his teacher, is there anybody who says to his teacher, [“since these are saying this and those are saying that”? Rebbi Abun in the name of Rebbi Samuel bar Rav Isaac understood it from the following201K.6:1.: “Ben Azzai said to him, we are sorry about their disagreement, and you come to find us disagreement where they are concurring.” This implies that Ben Azzai was colleague and student of Rebbi Aqiba. If you are saying that he was his teacher, is there anybody who says to his teacher,]150Added by the corrector from Sheqalim. The “etc.” at the end shows that the scribe from the start did not intend to copy the entire argument. “you come to find us disagreement”, etc?
תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. מֵאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי עַד עֶשְׂרִים וְתִשְׁעָה בֶּאֱלוּל הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מִצְטָֽרְפִין. חֲמִשָּׁה לִפְנֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה לְאַחַר רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה אֵינָן מִצְטָֽרְפִין. חֲמִשָּׁה לִפְנֵי הַגּוֹרֶן וַחֲמִשָּׁה לְאַחַר הַגּוֹרֶן הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מִצְטָֽרְפִין. אִם כֵּן לָמָּה אָֽמְרוּ. שָׁלֹשׁ גָּרְנוֹת לְמַעֲשֵׂר בְּהֵמָה. שֶׁעַד שֶׁלֹּא תַּגִּיעַ הַגּוֹרֶן מוּתָּר לִמְכּוֹר וְלִשְׁחוֹט. הִגִּיעָה הַגּוֹרֶן לֹא יִשְׁחוֹט. וְאִם שָׁחַט פָּטוּר: אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת. מַעֲשֵׂר בְּהֵמָה לֹא עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ לֹא כְחֶנֶט וְלֹא כִשְׁלִישׁ. אִין תֵּימַר כְּחֶנֶט. נִיתְנֵי כָּל־הַמְעוּבָּרִים מֵעֶשְׂרִים וְתִשְׁעָה בָאֱלוּל. אִין תֵּימַר כִּשְׁלִישׁ. נִיתְנֵי כָּל־הַנּוֹלָדִים עַד עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם בּוֹ. רִבִּי שַׁמַּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָה. כִּשְׁלִישׁ עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ. כְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אָמַר. מְחוסַּר זְמַן נִכְנָס לַדִּיר לְהִתְעַשֵּׂר. קָם רִבִּי מָנָא עִם רִבִּי שַׁמַּי. אָמַר לֵיהּ. אַתַּה אָמַרְתָּ הָדָא מִילְּתָא. וְהָא תַנִּינָן. בֶּן עַזַּאי אוֹמֵר. הָאֱלוּלִיִּים מַתְעַשְּרִין בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן: לֹא אֲפִילוּ נוֹלַד עַד עֶשְׂרִים וְתִשְׁעָה בֶּאֱלוּל. אִית לָךְ מֵימַר בֶּן עַזַּאי כְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. לֹא כְרַבָּנִן הוּא. כְּמַה דְאַתְּ אָמַר עַל דְּרַבָּנִן. מַנִּיחָן וּמְעַשְּׂרָן לַשָּׁנָה הַבָּאָה וְהֵן מִתְעַשְּׂרִין עִם בְּנֵי שְׁנָתָן. כֵּן אַתְּ אָמַר עַל דְּבֶן עַזַּאי. מַנִּיחָן לַגּוֹרֶן הַבָּא וְהֵן מִתְעַשְּׂרִין עִם בְּנֵי אֱלוּל. אָמַר רַב חוּנָה. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת. יָמִים שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר מְחוסַּר זְמַן בָּהֶן עוֹלִין לוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שְׁנָתוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא. רִבִּי יוֹנָה אַבָּא שְׁמַע לָהּ מִן הָדָא. כָּֽל־הַבְּכ֡וֹר אֲשֶׁר֩ יִוָּלֵ֨ד בִּבְקָֽרְךָ֤ וּבְצֹֽאנְךָ֙ הַזָּכָ֔ר תַּקְדִּ֖ישׁ לַֽיי אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ. הָכֵיצַד. מִשְּׁעַת לֵידָתוֹ אַתְּ מוֹנֶה לוֹ שָׁנָה. 151This also is from Sheqalim3:1, Notes 21–30, with an enlarged quote from Mishnah Bekhorot. There, we have stated: “Any born from the first of Tishre until the 29th of Elul combine; five before New Year’s day and five after New Year’s day do not combine. Five before the threshing floor and five after the threshing floor do combine.” “Then why did they say, there are three threshing floors for animal tithe? Because up to the time of the threshing floor one is permitted to sell or slaughter. From the time of the threshing floor he may not slaughter, but if he slaughtered he is not liable.”152Bekhorot 9:6" href="/Mishnah_Bekhorot.9.6">Mishnah Bekhorot9:6. Rebbi Yose said, this implies that the rules of animal tithe are neither like those of germinating nor like those of a third. If you would say like germinating, it should state, all whose pregnancy starts from the 29th of Elul. If you would say like a third, it should state, up to the 22nd. Rebbi Shammai in the name of Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya: Like the third, they made it following Rebbi Simeon, since Rebbi Simeon said, {an animal} before its time enters the corral to be tithed. Rebbi Mana met Rebbi Shammai; he asked him, did you say that? But did we not state, “Ben Azzai says, those born in Elul are to be tithed separately.” Not even if it was born up to the 29th of Elul? Could you say that Ben Azzai follows Rebbi Simeon? You have to say, he follows the rabbis. Just as you say following the rabbis, he leaves them for the next year and they will be tithed with the others of their year, so you have to say following ben Azzai, he leaves them for the next threshing floor and they will be tithed with those from Elul. Rebbi Huna said, this implies that the days of a firstling while he still is before its time are counted for its year. Rebbi Mana said, my father Rebbi Jonah understood this from the following: Any male firstling which isborn to your cattle and small cattle dedicate to the Eternal, your God.. How is this? You count its year from the moment it is born.