משנה: הַכֹּל מַפְסִיק לִזְרָעִים וְאֵינוֹ מַפְסִיק לְאִילָן אֶלָּא גֶּדֶר. וְאִם הָיָה שֵׂעָר כּוֹתֵשׁ אֵינוֹ מַפְסִיק אֶלָּא נוֹתֵן פֵּיאָה לַכֹּל. וְלֶחָרוּבִין כָּל־הָרוֹאִין זֶה אֶת זֶה. אָמַר רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל נוֹהֲגִין הָיוּ בְּבֵית אַבָּא נוֹתְנִין פֵּיאָה אַחַת לַזֵּיתִים שֶׁהָיוּ לָהֶן בְּכָל הָרוּחַ וְלֶחָרוּבִין כָּל־הָרוֹאִין זֶה אֶת זֶה. רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֵּי רִבִּי צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר מִשְּׁמוֹ אַף לֶחָרוּבִין שֶׁהָיוּ לָהֶם בְּכָל־הָעִיר. MISHNAH: Everything separates for seeds but only a fence separates for trees. But if hair was pressing down it does not separate and he gives one peah for all66This was explained at the beginning of Halakhah 1, notes 12–13..
74This Mishnah is the continuation of the preceding one.: But for carob trees all that see one another75According to Maimonides, all the carob trees a man can see standing next to one of them. According to R. Abraham ben David, all the carob trees a man can see while standing on top of one of them. According to the second opinion, fences are never a problem for carob trees.. Rabban Gamliel76Rabban Gamliel of Jabneh, speaking of the family of Hillel. said, in my father’s house they used to give one peah for the olive trees they had in every direction77Four peot for all olive trees in all four main directions. and for all carobs that saw one another. Rebbi Eleazar ben Rebbi Ẓadoq said in the former’s name: also for all carob trees they had in the entire town.
הלכה: הַכֹּל מַפְסִיק לִזְרָעִים. מַה כּוֹתֵשׁ וְעוֹלֶה בְּמַכְתֵּשׁ אוֹ כּוֹתֵשׁ עַל גַּבֵּי גֶדֶר. מִן מַה סְעָר כּוֹתֵשׁ אֵין הַגֶּדֶר כּוֹתֵשׁ. הָדָא אָֽמְרָה כוֹתֵשׁ עַל גַּבֵּי גֶדֶר. HALAKHAH: “Everything separates for seeds67Quote from the Mishnah. However, the discussion is purely about the second sentence in the Mishnah..” What is pressing down68What is the meaning of the condition that two orchards separated by a fence are subject only to one obligation of peah if the leaves of trees of one orchard come down and lie across the fence to the other orchard? Does it mean that the leaves actually have to press on the fence or may they be in the air and just press down one branch on the other?? It rises while pressing as in a mortar69Rabbenu Simson in his commentary to Kilayim 5:3:2-4" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Kilayim.5.3.2-4">Kilaim 5:3 quotes the text here as כעלי במכתש “like a pestle in the mortar,” and explains, on the basis of the same language in Kilaim, that the branches have to press hard on the stone fence so as to create a dusty surface on the fence. Better is the interpretation of the uncorrected text, preferred by R. Moses Margalit, that the branches on both sides may be enmeshed but be higher than the fence, since the pestle is higher except for the short moments when it touches the bottom of the mortar. or must it press down on the fence? From the text “hair was pressing down,” the fence does not press70While the “hair” must lie on the fence, it need not act on it. There is no eroding pressure needed on the stone fence.. That means it presses down on the fence.
רִבִּי מָנָא אָמַר זִמְנִין דַּהֲוֵי בָהּ בְּתוֹךְ אַ̇רְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְזִמְנִין דַּהֲוֵי בָהּ בְּתוֹךְ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים בִּנְטוּעִין מַטַּע עֶשֶׂר לְבֵית סְאָה. מַה אַתְּ שְׁמַע מִינָהּ וְהוּא שֶׁיְּהוּ בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְגֶדֶר וְהֵן שֶׁיְּהוּ בְּתוֹךְ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים בֵּין נוֹף לְנוֹף בִּנְטוּעִין מַטַּע עֶשֶׂר לְבֵית סְאָה. Rebbi Mana said: Sometimes they need to be inside four cubits and sometimes they need to be inside ten handbreadths if they are planted ten to a bet se‘ah. How do you understand this? They71The trees have to be planted close to the fence so that the stem of the tree whose branches lie on the fence is not farther than four cubits from the fence. need to be within four cubits of the fence; the crowns have to be within ten handbreadths of one another72In the entire orchard, the crown of any tree must have the crown of another tree within 10 handbreadths (1 2/3 cubits) distance. if they are planted ten to a bet se‘ah73If the trees are planted in a regular pattern, each tree gets an area of 250 square cubits, or 15.82 cubits square. This means that the crown of each fruit tree should reach a diameter of slightly over 14.2 cubits.
Ten trees to a bet se‘ah are characteristic for a tree nursery (Mishnah Sheviït 1:7); adult trees form an orchard if a minimum of three trees are planted on a bet se‘ah (Mishnah Sheviït 1:2). Since Maimonidesdoes not quote the rules of R. Mana in his code, he seems to consider them non-operative since trees that actually bear fruit are no longer in a tree nursery..
וְלֶחָרוּבִין כָּל־הָרוֹאִין. מִי מְכַוֵּין לָהֶן אֶת הָרוּחוֹת. הָעִיר מְכַווֶנֶת לָהֶן אֶת הָרוּחוֹת. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּי רִבִּי בּוּן שֶׁל בֵּית רִבִּי הָיוּ לָהֶן אַרְבָּעָה בַדִּים לְאַרְבָּעָה רוּחוֹת הָעִיר וְהֵן נוֹתְנִין לְכָל־בַּד וּבַד לְפִי רוּחוֹ. “But for carob trees all that see.” What defines the directions for them? The town defines the directions for them78E, S, W, N are defined standing in the center of town. Chapter 5 of Mishnah Erubin explains that each town has to put up markers at the end of the Sabbath territory (2000 cubits from the last house of town) in the four cardinal directions.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, the family of Rebbi had four oil presses in the four directions of the town and their used to give for each oil press according to its direction79The prescribed percentage of the olives processed in each of the oil presses..
הָיוּ שָׁם שְׁלֹשָׁה אִילָנוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים רוֹאִין אֶת הָאֶמְצָעִייִם וְהָאֶמְצָעִייִם רוֹאִין אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים וְאֵין הָרִאשׁוֹנִים רוֹאִין זֶה אֶת זֶה מַפְרִישׁ מִן הָרָאשִׁים עַל הָאֶמְצָעִייִם וּמִן הָאֶמְצָעִייִם עַל הָרָאשִׁים וְאֵינוֹ מַפְרִישׁ מִן הָרָאשִׁים עַל הָרָאשִׁים. If there were three80R. Simson of Sens reads: 30. This would explain the plural used for the three groups of trees. (groups of) trees, the outer81While all sources have here הראשונים “the first ones”, it is clear from the context that הראשים “the extremities” are meant. ones see the middle ones, the middle ones see the outer ones, but the outer ones do not see one another, then one may give from the outer ones for the middle ones and from the middle ones for the outer ones but one may not give from the outer ones for the outer ones.