משנה: סְפֵק הֶעָרְלָה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרִייָא מוּתָּר. וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ יוֹרֵד וְלוֹקֵחַ וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֶנּוּ לוֹקֵט. כֶּרֶם נָטוּעַ יָרָק וְיָרָק נִמְכָּר חוּצָה לוֹ. בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרִייָא מוּתָּר וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ יוֹרֵד וְלוֹקֵט וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִלְקוֹט בְּיָד. הֶחָדָשׁ אָסוּר מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּכָל־מָקוֹם. וְהֶעָרְלָה הֲלָכָה. וְהַכִּלְאַיִם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. MISHNAH: A doubtful case of ‘orlah in the Land of Israel is forbidden150Since in all cases of doubt about a biblical law one has to be restrictive., in Syria151The part of the Promised Land not conquered by Joshua, cf. Peah 7:5:6" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Peah.7.5.6">Peah 7, Note 119. permitted, and outside the Land one goes and buys on condition he not see the harvesting being done152On condition he (the Jewish buyer) not see him (the Gentile seller).. If a vineyard is planted with vegetables and vegetables are sold on the outside153One has to assume that the vegetables sold outside the vineyard were grown in the vineyard and are vineyard kilaim., in the Land of Israel it is forbidden, in Syria permitted, and outside the Land he goes and harvests on condition he not harvest with his own hands154He (the Gentile seller) harvests on condition that he (the Jewish buyer) not harvest himself, but the Jew may see the Gentile harvesting.. New grain is forbidden everywhere from the Torah155Grain from the winter harvest before the ceremony of the ‘omer, Lev.23:9–14., ‘orlah from practice, and kilaim by rabbinic decree.
הלכה: אֵי זֶהוּ סְפֵק הֶעָרְלָה. כֶּרֶם שֶׁלְעָרְלָה וַעֲנָבִים נִמְכָּרוֹת חוּצָה לוֹ. בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרִיָא מוּתָּר. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן. אַף זֶה סְפֵיקוֹ אָסוּר בְּסוּרִיָּא. אֵי זֶהוּ סָפֵק הַמּוּתָּר בְּסוּרִיָּא. כֶּרֶם שֶׁלְעָרְלָה וְכֶרֶם אַחֵר בְּצִידּוֹ וַעֲנָבִים נִמְכָּרוֹת חוּצָה לוֹ. בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרִייָא מוּתָּר. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָה אַף זֶה אָסוּר בְּסוּרִיָּא. אֵי זֶה סָפֵק הַמּוּתָּר בְּסוּרִיָּא. כֶּרֶם נָטוּעַ יָרָק וּשְׂדֵה יָרָק אַחֵר בְּצִידּוֹ וְיָרָק נִמְכָּר חוּצָה לוֹ. בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרִיָא מוּתָּר. HALAKHAH: What is a doubtful case of ‘orlah? An ‘orlah vineyard and grapes are sold on the outside; in the Land of Israel it is forbidden, in Syria permitted. Rebbi Yudan said, in that doubtful case also it is forbidden in Syria. What is a doubtful case in Syria? A vineyard planted with vegetables, a vegetable field next to it, and vegetables are sold on the outside; in the Land of Israel it is forbidden, in Syria permitted. 156Tosephta 4. “That also” is the scenario of the Mishnah regarding vineyard kilaim.“Rebbi Jehudah said, that also is forbidden in Syria. Which doubtful case is permitted in Syria? If a vineyard is planted with vegetables, a field of vegetables is nearby, and vegetables are sold on the outside, in the Land of Israel it is forbidden, in Syria permitted.”
וּבְחוּץ לָאָרֶץ יוֹרֵד וְלוֹקֵט וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִלְקוֹט בְּיָד. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן עוֹד הִיא בְּקַדְמִייָתָא חוֹזֵר וְלוֹקֵחַ וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֶנּוּ לוֹקֵט. “Outside the Land he goes, he harvests on condition that he not harvest with his own hands154He (the Gentile seller) harvests on condition that he (the Jewish buyer) not harvest himself, but the Jew may see the Gentile harvesting..” Rebbi Yudan said, that also should be equal to the first, “he turns in and buys on condition he not see him harvesting152On condition he (the Jewish buyer) not see him (the Gentile seller)..”
הֶחָדָשׁ אָסוּר מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּכָל־מָקוֹם. מַתְנִיתָא דְּרִבִּי לִעֶזֶר. דְּתַנִּינָן תַּמָּן כָּל־מִצְוָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ תְלוּיָה בָאָרֶץ נוֹהֶגֶת בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְכָל־שֶׁהִיא תְלוּייָה בָאָרֶץ אֵינָהּ נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בָאָרֶץ חוּץ מִן הֶעָרְלָה וּמִן הַכִּלְאַיִם. רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר אַף הֶחָדָשׁ. מָה טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר בְּכָל־מָקוֹם. בְּכָל־מוֹשְׁבוֹתֵיכֶם בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. מָה מְקַייְמִין רַבָּנִין טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר בְּכָל־מוֹשְׁבוֹתֵיכֶם. בֶּחָדָשׁ שֶׁכָּן שֶּׁיָּצָא בַחוּץ. “New grain is forbidden everywhere from the Torah.” The Mishnah is Rebbi Eliezer’s as we have stated there157Kiddushin 1:8:1" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Kiddushin.1.8.1">Mishnah Qiddušin 1:9. The parallel discussion is in the Kiddushin.38">Babli, Qiddušin 38a/b.: “Any commandment not connected with the Land applies both inside and outside the Land. But any connected with the Land applies only inside the Land except for ‘orlah and kilaim. Rebbi Eliezer says, also new grain.” What is the reason of Rebbi Eliezer158The end of this paragraph and the next one are also in Kiddushin 1:8:2-6" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Kiddushin.1.8.2-6">Qiddušin 1:9, fol. 61d.? Everywhere, (Leviticus.23.14">Lev. 23:14) “in all your dwelling places,” both inside and outside the Land. How do the rabbis explain the reason of Rebbi Eliezer, “in all your dwelling places”? New grain from here which was exported.
רִבִּי יוֹנָה בָעֵי קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. וְלָמָּה לֹא תַנִּינָן אַף הַחַלָּה עִמָּהֶן. אָמַר לֵיהּ. לֹא אֲתִינָן מַתְנִיתִין אֶלָּא דָבָר שֶׁהוּא נוֹהֵג בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וּבַגּוֹיִם. וְחַלָּה אֵינָהּ נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בְיִשְׂרָאֵל. דִּכְתִיב רֵאשִׁית עֲרִיסוֹתֵיכֶם וְלֹא שֶׁלְגּוֹיִם. Rebbi Jonah asked before Rebbi Yose: Why did we not state ḥallah with these159Which applies outside the Land by rabbinic decree.? He said to him, our Mishnah only deals with something which applies to Israel and the Gentiles160Which is forbidden to Jews even if grown by Gentiles. For kilaim, cf. Kilayim 1:7:3-5" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Kilayim.1.7.3-5">Kilaim 1:7, Notes 122–140.. But ḥallah only applies to Israel, as it is written (Numbers.15.20">Num. 15:20): The first of your dough,” not of Gentiles.
וְהֶעָרְלָה הֲלָכָה. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר כְּהִילְכוֹת הַמְּדִינָה. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר הֲלָכָה לְמֹשֶׁה מִסִּינַי. רִבִּי יָסָא בָּעֵא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. הֲלָכָה לְמֹשֶׁה מִסִּינַי וְאַתְּ אָמַר הָכֵין. אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה הֲלָכָה לְכָךְ נִיתְּנָה. אָמַר אִילוּלֵא סְלָקִת לְאֶרֶץ דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא לִשְׁמוֹעַ דָּבָר זֶה דַּיִי. “ ‘Orlah from practice”. Samuel said, practice of the country161The Jews in Bablylonia continued to practice the prohibition of ‘orlah by consensus. The same disagreement is discussed in the Kiddushin.39a">Babli, Qiddušin 39a.. Rebbi Joḥanan said, practice from Moses on Sinai. Rebbi Assi asked before Rebbi Joḥanan, practice from Moses on Sinai, and you say so162If ‘orlah outside the Land is of almost biblical status, why can the Mishnah permit all doubtful cases?? He said, when practice was proclaimed, it was given in this way. He said, if I had come to the Land of Israel163R. Assi was a Babylonian. The opinion expressed in Tosephta 8 that ‘orlah never applies outside the Land is quoted only in the Babli. only to hear this it would have been been enough for me.
וְהַכִּלְאַיִם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם. הָא בְכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים מוּתָּר. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם. הָא בְכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים אָסוּר. אָמַר רַב חוּנָא כַּד נַחְתּוֹן מַעֲרָבַיָּא דְּתַמָּן אָֽמְרוּנָהּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְקִייַמְנוּהָ. אֶת חֻקּוֹתַיי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ בְּהֶמְתְּךָ לֹא תַרְבִּיעַ כִּלְאַיִם שָֽׂדְךָ לֹא תִזְרַע כִּלְאַיִם. שַׁעַטְנֵז לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ. הִקִּישׁ כִּלְאֵי זְרָעִים לְכִלְאֵי בְגָדִים וְכִלְאֵי בְהֵמָה. מַה כִּלְאֵי בְגָדִים וְכִלְאֵי בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאֵין תְּלוּיִין בָּאָרֶץ וְנוֹהֲגִין בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. אַף כִּלְאֵי זְרָעִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן תְּלוּיִין בָּאָרֶץ נוֹהֲגִין בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. “And kilaim by rabbinic decree.” Samuel said, this refers164The rabbinic decree. to vineyard kilaim. Therefore, kilaim of seeds165Any vegetable kilaim except those growing in a vineyard. are permitted. Rebbi Joḥanan said, this refers to vineyard kilaim. Therefore, kilaim of seeds are forbidden166By biblical law. In the Kiddushin.39a">Babli, Qiddušin 39a, this is the opinion of Samuel but practice follows what here is Samuel’s opinion.. Rav Huna said, when Westerners descended from there167Galilee., they said this in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan and proved it. (Leviticus.19.19">Lev. 19:19) “You must keep My basic Laws168Cf. Kilaim 1, Notes 122,124., your animals you should not mate kilaim, your field you shall not sow kilaim, …, ša‘aṭnez169Cloth woven from wool and linen. shall not come upon you.” It bracketed kilaim of seeds with kilaim of clothing and kilaim of animals. Since kilaim of clothing and kilaim of animals do not depend on the Land and apply inside and outside the Land157Kiddushin 1:8:1" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Kiddushin.1.8.1">Mishnah Qiddušin 1:9. The parallel discussion is in the Kiddushin.38">Babli, Qiddušin 38a/b., so also kilaim of seeds, while they depend on the Land, do apply inside and outside the Land.
חַד בַּר נַשׁ זְרַע חַקְלֵייהּ שְׂעוֹרִין וְלֶפֶת. עָבַר חָנִין גּוֹבִיתָא וְעָֽקְרִין. אָתָא עוֹבְדָא קוֹמֵי שְׁמוּאֵל וּקְנָסֵיהּ. דְּתַנֵּי אֵין עוֹשִׂין עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכִלְאַיִם. אֲבָל עוֹקְרִין עִמּוֹ בְכִלְאַיִם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְמָעֵט בָּעֲבֵירָה. A person170In Babylonia. sowed his field with barley and turnips. Ḥanin from Gobya171A place on the Euphrates. passed by and tore them out. The case came before Samuel who fined him172Ḥanin., as we have stated173Tosephta Kilaim 2:16. The parallel in the Babli, Avodah Zarah 63b/64a, while in language closer to the Tosephta than the Yerushalmi text, has “Gentile” in place of “Jew”.: “One does not work with a Jew in kilaim, but one does help him to tear out kilaim174The Tosephta applies to the Land. Even so, it only permits to help the owner, not to tear out without his consent (at least in the absence of a court order). Therefore, Ḥanin was liable even according to R. Joḥanan. because that helps to diminish sin.”
תַּנֵּי אֵין עוֹשִׂין עִם הַגּוֹי בְּכִלְאַיִם בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים. אֲבָל עֲייָרוֹת הַמּוּבְלָעוֹת בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּגוֹן בָּאִינָה וּבָאִימָה וַחֲבֵרוֹתֶיהָ עוֹשִׂין עִמָּהֶן בְּכִלְאַיִם. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכִּלְאַיִם בָּאָרֶץ כָּךְ כִּלְאַיִם בְּחוּץ לָאָרֶץ. שְׁמוּאֵל פָּתַר מַתְנִיתָא. אֵין עוֹשִׂין עִם הַגּוֹי בְּכִלְאַיִם בָּאָרֶץ. בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים. אֲבָל עֲייָרוֹת הַמּוּבְלָעוֹת בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּגוֹן בָּאִינָה וּבָאִימָה וַחֲבֵרוֹתֶיהָ עוֹשִׂין עִמָּהֶן בְּכִלְאַיִם. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכִּלְאַיִם בָּאָרֶץ כָּךְ כִּלְאַיִם בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם. הָא כִּלְאֵי זְרָעִים מוּתָּר. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן פָּתַר מַתְנִיתָא. אֵין עוֹשִׂין עִם הַגּוֹי בְּכִלְאַיִם בָּאָרֶץ. בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בֵּין בְּכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים. אֲבָל עֲייָרוֹת הַמּוּבְלָעוֹת בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּגוֹן בָּאִינָה וּבָאִימָה וַחֲבֵרוֹתֶיהָ עוֹשִׂין עִמָּהֶן בְּכִלְאַיִם. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכִּלְאַיִם בָּאָרֶץ כָּךְ כִּלְאַיִם בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם. הָא בְּכִלְאֵי זְרָעִים אָסוּר. It was stated175Tosephta Kilaim 2:16.: “One does not work with a Gentile in kilaim176In the Land of Israel, since there the prohibition of kilaim also falls on Gentiles; cf. Note 168., be it vineyard kilaim or kilaim of seeds. But in towns177Inhabited by Gentiles. which form enclaves in the Land of Israel such as Baïna and Baïma178These places have not been convincingly identified. In the Tosephta, one reads either Beth Ana Imma orBeth Ana Umma. Tosephta Ahilut 18:4 has Hippos and Ascalon as examples of such pagan enclaves. If the place is not one settled by the returnees from Babylonia (or, in Galilee, was a place of Israelites never exiled), it is formally outside the Land and the Gentile can plant or sow kilaim without guilt; cf. Ševi‘it 6:1. and similar ones one may work with them in kilaim. Just as kilaim are [forbidden] in the Land, so they are outside the Land.” Samuel explains the baraita: “One does not work with a Gentile in kilaim, be it vineyard kilaim or kilaim of seeds. But in towns which form enclaves in the Land of Israel such as Baїna and Baїma and similar ones one may work with them in kilaim. Just as kilaim are [forbidden] in the Land, so they are outside the Land;” that refers to vineyard kilaim. Therefore, kilaim of seeds are permitted. Rebbi Joḥanan explains the baraita: “One does not work with a Gentile in kilaim, be it vineyard kilaim or kilaim of seeds. But in towns which form enclaves in the Land of Israel such as Baїna and Baїma and similar ones one may work with them in kilaim. Just as kilaim are [forbidden] in the Land, so they are outside the Land;” that refers to vineyard kilaim. Therefore, kilaim of seeds are forbidden179Reading of the scribe of the Leyden ms. The corrector, followed by the prints, replaced “forbidden” by “permitted.” For the correct choice of the text, cf. Note 166..