Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 7:6

משנה: שׁוֹמְרֵי פֵירוֹת אוֹכְלִין מֵהִילְכוֹת מְדִינָה אֲבָל לֹא מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אַרְבָּעָה שׁוֹמְרִין הֵן שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם נִשְׁבַּע עַל הַכֹּל וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל מְשַׁלֵּם את הַכֹּל וְנוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר נִשְׁבָּעִין עַל הַשְּׁבוּרָה וְעַל הַשְּׁבוּיָה וְעַל הַמֵּתָה וּמְשַׁלְּמִין אֶת הָאֲבֵידָה וְאֶת הָגְּנֵיבָה. MISHNAH: Watchmen of produce⁴³They do not actually work and are not covered by Mishnah 3. eat because of local practice but not from the Torah. There are four kinds of keepers: The unpaid trustee and the borrower, the paid keeper and the renter. The unpaid trustee swears about everything⁴⁴If anything happens to the goods entrusted to him he does not pay if he is able to swear that he did not take anything and that it was not his fault; Ex. 22:6–8., the borrower pays for everything. The paid keeper and the renter swear about the broken, the kidnapped, and the dead⁴⁵They do not pay for what happened beyond their control; Ex.22:11–12. but pay for the lost and the stolen.

הלכה: שׁוֹמְרֵי פֵירוֹת אוֹכְלִים מֵהִילְכוֹת מְדִינָה כול׳. רַב הוּנָא אָמַר. בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי פֵירוֹת הִיא מַתְנִיתָא. אֲבָל בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי גִּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵיסִין אוֹכְלִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי גִּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵיסִין הִיא מַתְנִיתָא. אֲבָל בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי פֵירוֹת אֵין אוֹכְלִין לֹא מִתּוֹרָה וְלֹא מֵהִילְכוֹת מְדִינָה. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי חִייָה וּמְסַייֵעַ עַל רַב הוּנָא. וְטָמֵא הַכֹּהֵן עַד הָעָרֶב. לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַשּׁוֹמְרִין שֶׁיְּהוּ מְטַמִּין בְּגָדָיו. HALAKHAH: “Watchmen of produce eat because of local practice,” etc. Rav Huna⁴⁶In the Babli, 93a, the opinion of Rav Huna is quoted as that of his teacher Rav; Samuel’s opinion is reproduced there. said, the Mishnah refers to watchmen of produce⁴⁷After the harvest.. But watchmen of vegetable gardens and orchards eat by Torah law. Samuel said, the Mishnah refers to watchmen of vegetable gardens and orchards⁴³They do not actually work and are not covered by Mishnah 3.. But watchmen of produce eat neither by Torah law nor by local practice⁴⁸If the produce is ready to be sold, it only has to be watched to prevent loss.. Rebbi Ḥiyya stated in support of⁴⁹This use of עַל when one would expect לְ may be the root of German-Jewish כָּשֵׁר עַל פֶּסַח “usable for Passover” instead of כָּשֵׁר לְפֶסַח used by all other Jewish groups. Rav Huna: “The Cohen shall be impure until evening,” to include watchmen, that they make their garments impure⁵⁰This refers to the law of the Red Cow, Num. 19, in particular 19:7. The priest who supervises the burning of the cadaver of the red cow becomes impure simply by watching the procedure even if he touches nothing and does nothing himself. This proves that watching alone is counted as an activity in Torah law, as asserted by Rav Huna..